ASTM E1604-2012 Standard Guide for Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology《水生毒物学行为测试的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E1604 94 (Reapproved 2007)E1604 12Standard Guide forBehavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1604; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers some general information on the selection and application of behavioral methods useful for determiningthe
3、sublethal effects of chemicals to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates.1.2 Behavioral toxicity occurs when chemical or other stressful conditions, such as changes in water quality or temperature,induce a behavioral change that exceeds the normal range of variability (1).2 Behavior includes all o
4、bservable, recordable, ormeasurable activities of a living organism and reflects genetic, neurobiological, physiological, and environmental determinants (2).1.3 Behavioral methods can be used in biomonitoring, the determination of no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effectconcentrations, and the
5、prediction of hazardous chemical impacts on natural populations (3).1.4 Behavioral methods can be applied to fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates in standard laboratory toxicity tests, testsof effluents, and sediment toxicity tests.1.5 The various behavioral methods included in this guide are ca
6、tegorized with respect to seven interdependent, functionalresponses that fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates must perform in order to survive. These functional responses includerespiration, locomotion, habitat selection, feeding, predator avoidance, competition, and reproduction (4). These resp
7、onses can bedocumented visually or through video or acoustic imagery. Electronically recorded information can be derived through manualtechniques or through the use of digital image analysis software. (5, 6, 7)1.5.1 The functional responses are not necessarily mutually exclusive categories. For inst
8、ance, locomotion, of some form ofmovement, is important to all behavioral functions.1.6 Additional behavioral methods for any category may be added when new tests are developed as well as when methods areadapted to different species or different life stages of an organism.1.7 This guide is arranged
9、as follows:Section NumberScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Interferences 6Test Facility 7Water Supply 8Safety Precautions 9Test Material 10Test Organisms 11Responses Measured 12Behavioral Test Method Selection Criteria 13Experimental Design 14Acceptabi
10、lity of Test 15Calculation of Test Results 16Report 171.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fateand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E47.01 onAquatic Assess
11、ment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007Dec. 1, 2012. Published October 2007February 2013. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 asE1604-94(2002).E1604-04(2007). DOI: 10.1520/E1604-94R07.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of ref
12、erences at the end of this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM rec
13、ommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.9 This sta
14、ndard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary state
15、ments are given in Section 9.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and AmphibiansE1241 Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with FishesE1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity T
16、ests with Freshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 1995)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe words “must,” “should, “may,” “can,” and “might” have very specific meanings. “Must” is used to expressan absolute requirement, that is, to state that the test ought to be designed to satisfy the specified condition
17、, unless the purpose ofthe test requires a different design. “Must” is used only in connection with the factors that directly relate to the acceptability ofthe test. “Should” is used to state that the specified condition is recommended and ought to be met if possible. Although theviolation of one “s
18、hould” is rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often render the results questionable. Terms such as“is desirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connection with less important factors. “May” is used tomean “is (are) allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (a
19、re) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus the classicdistinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”3.1 DefinitionsThe words “must,” “should, “may,” “can,” and “might” have very specific meanings. “Must” is us
20、ed to expressan absolute requirement, that is, to state that the test ought to be designed to satisfy the specified condition, unless the purpose ofthe test requires a different design. “Must” is used only in connection with the factors that directly relate to the acceptability ofthe test. “Should”
21、is used to state that the specified condition is recommended and ought to be met if possible. Although theviolation of one “should” is rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often render the results questionable. Terms such as“is desirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable”
22、 are used in connection with less important factors. “May” is used tomean “is (are) allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus the classicdistinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym for either
23、 “may” or “can.”3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 behaviorthe complex of observable, recordable, or measurable activities of a living organism.3.2.2 behavioral toxicitythe phenomenon observed when a behavioral response varies beyond the range of normal as a resultof exposure t
24、o chemical or other stressors.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The potential toxicity of chemical substances in water, food, or sediments is assessed by measuring the behavior of fish,amphibians, and macroinvertebrates during exposure, using static, flow-through, or food exposure systems. The behavioralrespon
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