ASTM E1476-2004 Standard Guide for Metals Identification Grade Verification and Sorting《金属识别、定级和分类的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E 1476 04Standard Guide forMetals Identification, Grade Verification, and Sorting1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1476; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for tutorial purposes only. Itdescribes the general requirements, methods, and proceduresfor the nondestructiv
3、e identification and sorting of metals.1.2 It provides guidelines for the selection and use ofmethods suited to the requirements of particular metals sortingor identification problems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is ther
4、esponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 10.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 158 Practice for Fundamental Cal
5、culations to ConvertIntensities into Concentrations in Optical Emission Spec-trochemical AnalysisE 305 Practices for Establishing and Controlling Spectro-chemical Analytical CurvesE 322 Method for X-Ray Emission Spectrometric Analysisof Low-Alloy Steels and Cast IronsE 566 Practice for Electromagnet
6、ic (Eddy-Current) Sortingof Ferrous MetalsE 572 Test Method for X-Ray Emission SpectrometricAnalysis of Stainless SteelE 703 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Sortingof Nonferrous MetalsE 977 Practice for Thermoelectric Sorting of ElectricallyConductive MaterialsF 355 Test Method for Shock
7、 Absorbing Properties ofPlaying Surface Systems and MaterialsF 1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Pro-tection Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this guide are defined in thestandards cited in Section 2 and in current technical literatureor dictionaries; however, because
8、 a number of terms that areused generally in nondestructive testing have meanings orcarry implications unique to metal sorting, they appear withexplanation in Appendix X1.4. Significance and Use4.1 A major concern of metals producers, warehouses, andusers is to establish and maintain the identity of
9、 metals frommelting to their final application. This involves the use ofstandard quality assurance practices and procedures throughoutthe various stages of manufacturing and processing, at ware-houses and materials receiving, and during fabrication and finalinstallation of the product. These practic
10、es typically involvestandard chemical analyses and physical tests to meet productacceptance standards, which are slow. Several pieces from aproduction run are usually destroyed or rendered unusablethrough mechanical and chemical testing, and the results areused to assess the entire lot using statist
11、ical methods. Statisticalquality assurance methods are usually effective; however,mixed grades, off-chemistry, and nonstandard physical proper-ties remain the primary causes for claims in the metalsindustry. A more comprehensive verification of product prop-erties is necessary. Nondestructive means
12、are available tosupplement conventional metals grade verification techniques,and to monitor chemical and physical properties at selectedproduction stages, in order to assist in maintaining the identi-ties of metals and their consistency in mechanical properties.4.2 Nondestructive methods have the po
13、tential for monitor-ing grade during production on a continuous or statistical basis,for monitoring properties such as hardness and case depth, andfor verifying the effectiveness of heat treatment, cold-working,and the like. They are quite often used in the field for solvingproblems involving off-gr
14、ade and mixed-grade materials.4.3 The nondestructive methods covered in this guide pro-vide both direct and indirect responses to the sample beingevaluated. Spectrometric analysis instruments respond to thepresence and percents of alloying constituents. The electro-magnetic (eddy current) and thermo
15、electric methods, on theother hand, are among those that respond to properties in thesample that are affected by chemistry and processing, and they1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Emergin
16、gNDT Methods.Current edition approved March 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1476 - 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
17、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.yield indirect information on composition and mechanicalproperties. In this guide, the sp
18、ectrometric methods are classi-fied as quantitative, whereas the methods that yield indirectreadings are termed qualitative.4.4 This guide describes a variety of qualitative and quan-titative methods. It summarizes the operating principles of eachmethod, provides guidance on where and how each may b
19、eapplied, gives (when applicable) the precision and bias thatmay be expected, and assists the investigator in selecting thebest candidates for specific grade verification or sorting prob-lems.4.5 For the purposes of this guide, the term “nondestruc-tive” includes techniques that may require the remo
20、val of smallamounts of metal during the examination, without affecting theserviceability of the product.4.6 The nondestructive methods covered in this guide pro-vide quantitative and qualitative information on metals prop-erties; they are listed as follows:4.6.1 Quantitative:4.6.1.1 X-ray fluorescen
21、ce spectrometry, and4.6.1.2 Optical emission spectrometry.4.6.2 Qualitative:4.6.2.1 Electromagnetic (eddy current),4.6.2.2 Conductivity/resistivity,4.6.2.3 Thermoelectric,4.6.2.4 Chemical spot tests,4.6.2.5 Triboelectric, and4.6.2.6 Spark testing (special case).5. Background5.1 The standard quality
22、assurance procedures for verifyingthe composition and physical properties of a metal at aproducing facility are through chemical analysis and mechani-cal testing. These required tests result in the sacrifice of acertain amount of production for the preparation of samples,are costly and time-consumin
23、g, and may not provide timelyinformation regarding changes in product quality. In a marketin which a single failure can result in heavy litigation anddamage costs, the manufacturer requires assurance that hisproduction will meet the customers acceptance standards.Nondestructive grade verification pr
24、ovides one means of moni-toring production to ensure that the product will meet accep-tance requirements.5.2 Nondestructive methods may be used in conjunctionwith the accepted standard product quality tests to providecontinuous verification that current production lies within theagreed upon acceptan
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