ASTM E1474-2007 Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Cal.pdf

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1、Designation: E 1474 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furnitureand Mattress Components or Composites Using a BenchScale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1474; the number immediat

2、ely following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis te

3、st method provides a means for measuring the ignition time and heat release of the compositeupholstered components of upholstered furniture and mattresses using an oxygen consumptioncalorimeter.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used todetermine the ignitability and heat release

4、from the compositesof contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholsteredfurniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consump-tion calorimeter.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the timeto sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heatrelease, and effective hea

5、t of combustion at a constant radiantheat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable toobtain heat release data at different heating fluxes. The speci-men is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source isused.1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effec-tive heat of co

6、mbustion are determined using the apparatus andprocedures described in Test Method E 1354.1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimenscombining the furniture or mattress outer layer components.Frame elements are not included.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard

7、. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of

8、 the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the a

9、pplica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and P

10、roducts Using an Oxygen Con-sumption Calorimeter2.2 Other Documents:CA TB 133, Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Fur-niture for Use in Public Occupancies3ISO 5725 Part 2, Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) ofMeasurement Methods and ResultsBasic Method forthe Determination of Repeatability and R

11、eproducibility ofa Standard Measurement Method43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to this testmethod refer to Terminology D 123 and E 176.3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heatgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product, or1This test method is und

12、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1474 - 04e1.2For r

13、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from State of California, Dept. of Home Furnishings and

14、ThermalInsulation, North Highlands, CA 95660-5595.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.assembly, when exposed to sp

15、ecific fire test conditions. (seegross heat of combustion.)3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat release by the mass loss during a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions.Typically, thespecifi

16、ed fire test conditions are provided by the specificationsof the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will

17、approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is theappropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.1.2 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe

18、 relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heating flux, nthe prescribed incident flux imposedexternally from the heater onto the specimen at the initiation ofthe test.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe specime

19、n, once ignited, also isheated by its own flame.This differs from the generic definitionof heat flux in Terminology E 176, because in this test methodthe heating flux of primary interest is the one imposed at theinitiation of the test.3.2.2 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from thespecimen, expr

20、essed per unit area of exposed specimen areaper unit of time.3.2.3 ignitability, nthe propensity for ignition, as mea-sured by the time to sustained flaming at a specified heatingflux.3.2.4 mattress, na mattress is a ticking (outermost layer offabric or related material) filled with a resilient mate

21、rial, usedalone or in combination with other products, intended orpromoted for sleeping upon.3.2.5 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb calorim-eter value for the heat of combustion, corrected for the gaseousstate of product water.3.2.6 orientation, nthe plane on which the exposed faceof the spe

22、cimen is located during testing, which is horizontalfacing up for this test.3.2.7 sustained flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for a period of4sormore.3.2.8 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.9 upholstery mate

23、rial, nthe padding, stuffing, or fill-ing material used in a furniture item, which may be either looseor attached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material andsupport system, if present.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,material such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill

24、,bonded cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that the netheat of combustion is generally directly related to the amountof oxygen required for combustion (1).5Approximately13.1 3 103kJ of heat is released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed.Specimens in

25、 the test are burned in ambient air conditionswhile being subjected to a prescribed external heating flux of35 kW/m2.4.2 The heat release is determined by measurement of theoxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentra-tion and flow rate in the combustion product stream, asdescribed in T

26、est Method E 1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentrationand exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements includethe mass loss rate of the specimen, the time to sustainedflaming, and the effective heat of combustion. Ignitability isdetermined by measuring the time from initial exposu

27、re to thetime of sustained flaming of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the time tosustained flaming and heat release of materials and compositesexposed to a prescribed heat flux in the cone calorimeterapparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements p

28、rovide infor-mation that can be used for upholstery and mattress productdesigns and product development.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful informationfor product development by yielding a quantitative measure ofspecific changes in fire performance caused by component andcomposite modificat

29、ions. Heat release data from this testmethod will not be predictive of product behavior if theproduct does not spread flame over its surface under the fireexposure conditions of interest.5.4 Test LimitationsThe test data are invalid if either ofthe following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling;

30、 or (2)the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch thespark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heaterbase during combustion.6. Safety Precautions6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures andcombustion processes. Therefore, the potential for hazardssuch as bur

31、ns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, andinhalation of combustion products exists. The operator mustuse protective gloves for insertion and removal of the testspecimens. Do not touch either the cone heater or the associ-ated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protectivegloves.7. Te

32、st Specimen PreparationMethod A (2)7.1 Equipment and Supplies for Specimen Preparation:7.1.1 Cutting EquipmentCut foams with a band saw; afoam-cutting blade shall be used. This blade has no teeth;instead, it has a wavy scallop to the edge. Ensure that the bladeis well sharpened. Make certain that no

33、 silicones or other oilsare applied to lubricate the blade; lubrication shall be solelywith graphite or molybdenum compounds. The band saw blade5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.E1474072must make a straight and true cut of the foam. Se

34、t the bladeguide no higher than 12 mm above the stock to be cut.7.1.2 Forming BlocksThe specimen preparation rests cru-cially upon the proper use of forming blocks. These blocks aremade in dimensions of 98 by 98 by 50 mm. Each of thesedimensions shall be controlled to 6 0.5 mm. Use, as thematerial f

35、or the forming blocks, a dense wood, such as maple,which is minimally subject to dimensional changes when thehumidity is changed. Do not use pine. Use only fully kiln-driedtimber for making the forming blocks. Ensure that all surfacesare cut straight and true and are smooth. The edges shall not bero

36、unded, but the corners shall be slightly rounded. It ispreferable to lacquer the blocks with an acrylic lacquer toensure a hard, smooth, stable surface. Make up a minimum of12 blocks to allow a reasonable number of specimens to beprepared at the same time.7.1.3 AdhesiveSeveral adhesives have been fo

37、und suit-able for securing the fabrics. The adhesive shall be low inflammability and shall have suitable holding power to permitinserting the resilient padding, stay in place until the testing isperformed (that is, through the required conditioning) andduring the flammability test procedure. For the

38、 latter, the gluedportions of the fabric shall neither flame excessively nor retardburning. Adhesives that are based on polychloroprene, acrylic,or water have been found suitable.7.1.3.1 Adhesive SelectionAdhesives based on polychlo-roprene in methylene chloride solvent have been found suitablefor a

39、ll composites tested.6Adhesives based on acrylic in watersolvent (white glue, readily available in hardware and craftstores)7have been proven adequate for many, but not all,fabrics and interliners tested by a United States testing labo-ratory. Other adhesives are also suitable, provided they meetthe

40、 stated requirements.7.1.3.2 Adhesive ApplicationThe method of adhesive ap-plication depends on the particular adhesive selected. Water-soluble adhesives are applied directly from the bottle andtherefore do not require a brush. Likewise, any spillage isreadily cleanable with water. This type of adhe

41、sive does not setas quickly as the solvent-based adhesives, which permitsshifting the fabric as necessary to create a neat, tight package.However, the glued specimen shall be left overnight to ensurea good seal. On the other hand, polychloroprene-based adhe-sives are applied with a brush made of hog

42、 bristles or otherstiff, course material. The brush shall be flat and square cut,with a width of 7 to 8 mm. A solvent compatible with theadhesive shall be used for cleanup and storage of the brush.The solvent-based glues set up very quickly and do not permitany adjustment around the wood block.7.1.3

43、.3 Adhesive CheckingTo test the efficiency of anadhesive, apply a small amount on two small pieces of thefabric or interliner to be used. Allow the adhesive to dry (atleast overnight), and then attempt to tear the fabric pieces fromone another. To be acceptable, the glued pieces shall not beable to

44、be separated without tearing the fabric.7.1.4 TapeMasking tape or other tape with adhesive isused to assist in assembling the test composites. Any type oftape which will adequately adhere to all fabrics and be easy toremove after completion of assembly is suitable for thispurpose. Some interliners o

45、r fabrics will be damaged by directapplication of masking tape to their surface, since removalresults in tearing or marring the surface. For items susceptibleto such damage, prepare strips of paper slightly wider than thewidth of the masking tape and long enough to reach all the wayaround the formin

46、g block. Then secure the paper strips withtape.7.1.5 Aluminum FoilUse aluminum foil that is 0.03 to0.04 mm thick.8No other foil thickness shall be used; it isespecially important not to substitute a thicker foil.7.2 Basic Preparation of Specimens:7.2.1 The basic instructions here pertain to specimen

47、s whichcomprise only a single layer of fabric over a single layer ofresilient padding. The same instructions apply to specimenswhere an interliner is laminated onto the back of the fabric; inthe latter case, the fabric/interliner combination is simplytreated as a fabric alone. For specimens which us

48、e multiplepadding layers, separate interliner layers and other morespecialized constructions. Supplemental instructions are givenin 7.3.7.2.2 Cutting of Resilient Padding BlocksThe thicknessof the resilient padding block will normally be 50 mm when asingle layer of resilient padding is the only padd

49、ing materialused in the composite. With a typical fabric thickness, this willresult in a total specimen thickness of approximately 50.9 mm,which is acceptable. Each resilient padding block shall be cutsquare, with 90 corners and face dimensions of 102.5 6 0.5by 102.5 6 0.5 mm. This size ensures that the resilient paddingwill be compressed during composite assembly, leading totight, well-formed specimens.7.2.2.1 Some resilient paddings have a tendency for highfriction against the sawing table and the guide. To make asmooth cut by allowing the resilient padding