ASTM E1282-2011 Standard Guide for Specifying the Chemical Compositions and Selecting Sampling Practices and Quantitative Analysis Methods for Metals Ores and Related Materials《金属 .pdf

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1、Designation:E128298(Reapproved 2004) Designation: E1282 11Standard Guide forSpecifying the Chemical Compositions and SelectingSampling Practices and Quantitative Analysis Methods forMetals, Ores, and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1282; the number immediately

2、following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide c

3、overs procedures for specifying compositional requirements and identifying appropriate sampling andquantitative analysis methodologies to be referenced in product specification standards for metals, ores, and related materials. Itis not intended to replace or conflict with either individual product

4、specifications or standards covering broad classifications ofproducts such as Test Methods A751.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health p

5、ractices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsE34 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis

6、of Aluminum and Aluminum-Base AlloysE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE255 Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys for the Determination of Chemical CompositionE342 Test Method for Determination of Chromium Oxide in Chrome Ores by Permang

7、anate TitrimetryE350 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and WroughtIronE1061Specification for Direct-Reading Liquid Crystal Forehead Thermometers 1601 Practice for Conducting an InterlaboratoryStudy to Evaluate the Performance o

8、f an Analytical Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide see Terminology E135.4. Significance and Use3.1This4.1 This guide is intended to assist those writing or revising compositional specifications, sampling practices, andanalysis method standards test

9、methods for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ores, and related materials. It is directed toward thoseareas whichthat must be addressed to properly coordinate compositional specification, sampling practice, and analytical methodstandards. test methods. Its use will help ensure that compositional requi

10、rements are clearly defined and that sampling practicesand analyticaltest methods are available to meet product specifications.3.2This4.2 This guide does not attempt to define which elements should be controlled, where samples should be taken, or howthey should be analyzed. These items are addressed

11、 in standards such as Specification A276, Test Methods, Practices andTerminology A751, Test Method E34, Practice E255, Test Method E342, and Test Methods E350.3.3A4.3 A primary purpose for ASTM sampling practices and analytical method standards test methods is to providewidely-accepted and tested me

12、thodology for use in meetingASTM product specifications.Although it is recognized that individual1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices

13、.Current edition approved MayFeb. 1, 2004.2011. Published June 2004.March 2011. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 asE128298.E128298 (2004). DOI: 10.1520/E1282-98R04.10.1520/E1282-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact

14、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been

15、 made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

16、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.laboratories are free to use other methods, the availability of ASTM approved methodology is essential for referee purposes andto demonstrate that properly equipped laboratories can make

17、 the required measurements.34.4 Sampling practices and analysistest methods to be recommended for use in testing a given product are most easily selectedcooperatively by the specification-writing and the methods-writing committees whichthat have jurisdiction forover the product.When existing samplin

18、g or analysis standardstest methods do not meet the needs of the new product specification standard, thespecification-writing committee should request that the methods-writing committee develop the required standards. ASTMCommittee E01 is responsible for test methods and practices covering the sampl

19、ing and analysis of most metals, ores, and relatedmaterials.4.5. Procedure4.15.1 List those elements which either positively or negatively influence the products processing, properties, or performance.Do not list elements for which no justification exists for exercising compositional control or for

20、which no test methods of analysisexist. Nonessential compositional specifications increase testing costs with no benefit to producer or consumer.4.25.2 Establish the compositional requirements for each element identified in 4.15.1 as a concentration range, a maximum ora minimum. Where possible, it i

21、s desirable to express concentrations in weight percent, however, other concentration units, suchas parts per million, may also be used.mass fraction percent. Always list the element in the stoichiometric form in which thecomposition is to be reported. For example, depending on the material, calcium

22、 might be specified and reported as Ca, CaCO3,or CaO. Occasionally, it may be necessary to specify that the sum of a limited number of specific element concentrations must notexceed some maximum value or must remain above some minimum value. Make sure Ensure that measurement uncertainties,particular

23、ly at the lower quantitation limits, do not contribute significantly to calculated sums.45.2.1 Nonspecific phrases such as balance or remainder may be listed for informational purposes only, but must have anaccompanying footnote stating that quantitative measurement is not required. An example of an

24、 acceptable footnote is: “Forinformation only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.” Avoid assigning quantitative compositionalspecifications to nonspecific items such as “all other elements” or “all residuals.” It is not possible to use element-specificanalyticaltest methods

25、to meet a non-element-specific compositional specification (Note 1).NOTE 1The purity of high purity metals is often best ascertained by the determination of residual elements. In these cases, each element to bedetermined must be listed with either a maximum concentration for each element or a minimu

26、m concentration for the sum of the listed determinations.See Table 1.45.2.2 When specifying the composition of components in a composite, define the components consistent with both commercialrequirements and testing capabilities. For example, if a specification requires that both the coating and bas

27、e metal be analyzedseparately, make sure ensure that it is possible to quantitatively separate the coating from the base metal prior to analysis.4.2.3If5.2.3 If compositional requirements differ among various applications for a given alloy, it may be necessary to specifycomposition by application wi

28、thin a grade, or to create a separate grade for those applications.45.2.4 Refer to Table 1 as an example of a possible format for presenting compositional specifications.45.3 Identify standard sampling practices that can be used at each processing step or for each product form for whichcompositional

29、 requirements are identified as described below (see Note 2).NOTE2For additional information on a recommended practice designed for the steel industry, consult the literature. below.45.3.1 Ensure that each selected sampling practice can be carried out conducted without unacceptably interrupting prod

30、uction,interfering with product quality, or risking the health or safety of employees.45.3.2 Ensure that the selected sampling hardware and practices are reliable. For example, in heat analysis sampling, ensure thatthe ratio of successful (solid, non-porous, completely filled mold) to unsuccessful s

31、amplings is acceptable. Also, provision shouldbe made for resampling when needed.45.3.3 Ensure that the concentration of each element to be determined in the sample is representative of the bulk material. ForTABLE 1 Example of Typical Alloy Compositional RequirementsElementCompositionAGrade A Grade

32、BCarbon: 0.200.30 0.450.75Manganese: 1.0, max 1.3, maxChromium 20.028.5 32.538.0Iron 25, min balanceBCopper + Vanadium 0.02, max 0.50, minOxygen 25 ppm, max 50 ppm, maxAluminumC0.020.10 0.200.30AAll concentrations are given in weigh mass fraction percent, unless otherwisestated.BFor information only

33、. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.CThe aluminum concentration requirement applies only to material made forhigh-temperature applications and its quantitative determination is not required onmaterial designated for other uses.E1282 112example, many commercially available mo

34、lten-metal sampling devices used in the steel industry contain deoxidizing elements,such as aluminum, which alloy with the test sample. Samples taken using such devices cannot be used to determine these elementsin the bath. In addition, the unusually high concentration of the deoxidizing element may

35、 interfere with the determination of otherelements in the sample. If any of these elements are to be included in the product specification, more than one sampling devicewill be required.45.3.4 Ensure that adequate samples are taken to permit the determination of all elements to be included in the sp

36、ecification.Some determinations, such as hydrogen, may require special sampling and storage practices.45.3.5 Ensure that each selected sampling practice provides samples of sufficient size and shape for both production and refereeanalyses. Samples should be in a form amenable to rapid transport to t

37、he laboratory, and should require a minimum of time andeffort to prepare for chemical analysis. Following production analysis, sufficient representative material must remain for anyrecheck analyses by the same or other techniques, test methods, as required.45.4 Identify all analyticaltest methods st

38、andards that can be used to determine all elements for which compositions are to bespecified as described in 4.4.1-4.4.45.4.1-5.4.4.4.4.15.4.1 Using the lists of elements and associated concentrations generated in 4.25.2, identify the analytical method standards testmethods that cover the listed con

39、centration ranges for in-process and check the analyses. Most in-process (control) analyses areperformed by spectrometric test methods using solid samples, while most check samples. Sometimes final product, recheck, orreferee analyses are performed by a combination of wetclassical chemical and instr

40、umental methods. The latter frequentlytestmethods that may require that a dissolved sample be obtained from drilled or machined chips.45.4.2 Eliminate from further consideration any methodologies that are subject to uncorrectable chemical or spectralinterferences due to elements expected to exist in

41、 the sample, including those for which compositions are not specified. Suchinterferences are identified in each ASTM analytical standard test method. The Scope and Interferences sections of each methodmust be carefully interpreted by a skilled analyst before that method is applied to the analysis of

42、 a material that was not consideredby the authors of the method.45.4.3 Ensure that the identified analytical methodologiestest methods are capable of attaining sufficient precision to complywith the intended compositional requirements. Refer to the performance data in the ASTM standardtest methods o

43、f analysis toensure that the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) obtained during interlaboratory testing for each method are sufficient tomeet the intended requirements. Definitions of r and R can be found in Terminology E135, and Practice E1061E1601. Statecompositional requirements using the

44、number of significant figures which isdigits that are consistent with the R performance dataassociated with the selected analytical methodologytest method and the needs of the product specification. Most compositionalCompositional specifications will contain between one and three indicate various nu

45、mbers of significant figures.digits.45.4.4 Ensure that the sample preparation requirements that are part of the analyticaltest method are compatible with theselected sampling practice and that the sampling, sample preparation, and analysis work can be completed within the timeavailable.4.5In5.5 In a

46、ddition to listings and explanations of compositional specifications, include in each product specification standardsufficient instructions and references to the appropriate ASTM sampling practices and analysistest methods standards to allow aproducer or user of the material to completely test for c

47、ompliance with all compositional requirements. References to samplingpractices and analysis method standards test methods can be either listed directly in the product specification standard, orreferenced through a generic standard such as Test Methods, Practices and Terminology A751. When the latter

48、 option is selected,be sure ensure that the generic standard provides all of the required information in an unambiguous fashion.5.6. Keywords56.1 quantitative analysis; sampling; specificationASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection wit

49、h any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv