ASTM E1102-1991(2002) Standard Terminology Relating to Agricultural Chemical Application《有关施用农用化学药物的术语定义》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 1102 91 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Terminology Relating toAgricultural Chemical Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to establishuniformity in terms used in the field of agricultural chemicalappl

3、ication. Terms are adopted from related fields and whereapplicable from Definitions E 609.1.2 The terms are appropriate to any agricultural chemicalapplication. Units in parenthesis following a definition aremeant as typical and are not exhaustive of all units available forthe term.2. Referenced Doc

4、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 609 Definitions of Terms Relating to Pesticides3. TerminologyGENERAL CHEMICAL TERMS ANDCHARACTERISTIC MEASUREMENTSair flow ratethe flow rate of air, expressed in volume perrelevant unit (ft3/min, m3/s, m3/tree).application ratethe amount of any material applied per unittr

5、eated:active chemical ratethe amount of active ingredient (a.i.)applied per unit treated, expressed in terms of mass perrelevant unit treated. (For area treatment, kg a.i./ha, lb a.i./A,or oz a.i./1000 ft. of row; for space application, mg a.i./m3,or oz a.i./1000 ft3; for individual units, kg a.i./p

6、lant oranimal).formulation ratethe amount of chemical formulation appliedper unit treated, expressed in terms of mass or volume perrelevant unit treated. (For area treatment, kg/ha, lb/A, oroz/1000 ft of row; for space application, mg/m3, or oz/1000ft3; for individual units, kg/plant or animal).spra

7、y ratethe amount of spray liquid emitted by an applica-tion unit during treatment, expressed in volume per unittreated. (For area treatment, L/ha, or gal/A; for spacetreatment, mL/m3, or oz/1000 ft3; for individual units,L/plant, mL/animal, or gal/tree).cumulative droplet diameter (Dv.1and Dv.9)diam

8、eter ofdrop such that 10 % and 90 %, respectively, of the liquidvolume is in drops of smaller diameter.concentrationamount of the active ingredient contained inthe chemical formulation expressed as a percent or mass perrelevant unit basis.deposit ratethe amount of any material deposited per unitarea

9、.active chemical deposit ratethe amount of active ingredientdeposited per unit area.formulation deposit ratethe amount of formulation depositedper unit area.spray deposit ratethe amount of spray liquid deposited perunit area. Mean deposit rate is the average amount of depositover the entire spray sw

10、ath. Effective spray deposit rate isthe mean deposit from center to center of adjoining swaths.diluenta gas, liquid, or solid used to reduce the concentra-tion of an active ingredient in the formulation or applicationof a pesticide (see Definitions E 609).driftthe movement of chemicals outside the i

11、ntended targetby air mass transport or diffusion.airborne driftthe dispersion of chemical particles to theatmosphere outside the intended target.particle drift depositsthe deposition of chemical particlesoutside the intended target.vapor driftthe dispersion of vaporized chemical to theatmosphere and

12、 areas surrounding the target area during andfollowing application.formulationthe form in which a chemical is offered to theuser.mean droplet diameter ( Dpq)is represented by the follow-ing:Dpqp2q!5(Dip(Diq(1)where:Di= the diameter of the ithparticle,1These terminologies are under the jurisdiction o

13、f ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulation and Application Systems.Current edition approved March 15, 1991. Published May 1991. Originallypublished as E 1102 86. Last previous edition E 1102 86.2For

14、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700

15、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Dio= the total number of drops in the sample. Thus:D10= length mean diameter,D20= area mean diameter,D30= volume mean diameter,D31= volume/length mean diameter (mean evaporativediameter),D32= SAUTER mean diameter, andD43= DeBROUKERE or HERDAN mean d

16、iameter.median droplet diameter (Dxf)For cumulative distributions,Dxf, where x is V, A, L,orN, are diameters such that thefraction (f) of the total of volume, surface area, length ofdiameter, or number of drops respectively, is in drops ofsmaller diameter.Thus:DV.5= volume median diameter,DA.5= area

17、 median diameter,DL.5= length median diameter, andDN.5= number median diameter.Also, DV.1and DV.9= diameter of drop such that 10 % and90 % respectively, of the liquid volume is in drops of smallerdiameter.percent nozzle pattern overlapcalculated by subtractingthe nozzle spacing from the single nozzl

18、e pattern width andthen dividing by the nozzle spacing and multiplying theresult by one hundred.spray classificationclassification of sprays by droplet size.aerosolsdistribution of droplets with DV.5# 50 m.mistsdistribution of droplets with 50 m 1200 m.sprayed width per nozzlethe effective width spr

19、ayed by asingle nozzle. (For broadcast spraying it is the nozzlespacing; for band spraying it is the band width, for row cropspraying it is the number of nozzles per row divided by therow width).swath, effective widththe center to center distance betweenoverlapping broadcast applications.TYPES OF AP

20、PLICATIONSband applicationan application of a pesticide to a continu-ous restricted area such as in or along a crop row rather thanover the entire field area (see Definitions E 609).basal applicationapplication of a chemical to the base of aplant.baseboard applicationapplication to a building on the

21、lower portion of the inside walls.broadcast applicationan application of a material over theentire area of a field.crack and crevice applicationapplication by a means thatprojects the material into cracks and crevices of a structure.dip applicationapplication by direct immersion.directed application

22、an application to a restricted area suchas a row, bed, or at the base of plants (see Definitions).foliar applicationapplication of a chemical to the stems,fruit, leaves, needles, or blades of a plant.pour-on applicationapplication by pouring a chemical ontothe target.run-off applicationapplication o

23、f a liquid material usingsufficient volume such that it begins to drip from the target.space applicationdispersion of liquid, gas, or dry particlesin an air space in such a manner that target pests are exposedto the chemical.spot treatmentapplication of a chemical to a small restrictedarea, usually

24、to control the spread of a pest.soil injectionthe mechanical placement of a pesticide be-neath the soil surface with a minimum disturbance of the soil(see Definitions E 609).APPLICATION APPARATUSaerosol generatorany mechanical or thermal device thatproduces a liquid dispersion having a volume median

25、 lessthan 50 m.air carrier sprayeran apparatus consisting of a pressuresource and controls for the spray liquid and a blower withsuitable ducts to produce an air jet in which spray nozzles arelocated. Air from the blower carries the spray for a distancefor deposition on the target being treated.boom

26、 sprayera sprayer apparatus consisting of a pressuresource and controls, and employing a boom (vertical orhotizontal) with atomizers (hydraulic, rotary, or other) ar-ranged to provide uniform coverage of the treated surfaces.bucket pump sprayera sprayer apparatus consisting of amanually operated pum

27、p that may be held or mounted in abucket containing the spray solution. The pump is connectedto an atomizing device that forms and distributes the pressed air sprayera spraying apparatus that uses airpressure to move liquid from a container through an atom-izing device.granular applicatoran apparatu

28、s consisting of a hopper, ametering device, and a device for spreading or placing thegranules in the target area.high-clearance sprayeran apparatus consisting of the com-ponents of a boom sprayer mounted on a self-propelledvehicle whose frame is constructed to permit the vehicle topass over plants w

29、ith minimum damage.hose end sprayeran apparatus designed to be attached tostandard garden hose, consisting of a hand-held container forspray mixture with an integral metering head through whichwater from the garden hose flows. The metering head useswater pressure, siphon effect, or some other water

30、poweredmeans to meter the spray mixture into the water streamwhich is then atomized.knapsack sprayera sprayer apparatus, carried on the opera-tors back, consisting of a spray solution tank, pressuresource, and an atomizing device that forms and distributesthe spray. Spray pressure is supplied by a l

31、ever operatedmanual or engine powered pumps or a compressed air tank.Some knapsack sprayers have air carrier blowers to distrib-ute the spray.slide pump sprayera sprayer consisting of a telescopingpump operated by both hands. On the outlet end of the pumpE 1102 91 (2002)2is mounted a spray nozzle. O

32、n the inlet of the pump isattached a line leading to a container containing the spraysolution.sprayer attachmentan apparatus consisting of the indi-vidual components of a sprayer (tank, pressure source,pressure controls, spray liquid lines, pressure nozzles, etc.)in an arrangement to permit its moun

33、ting on another imple-ment to permit application of spray at the same time anotherfield operation is performed.thermal vaporizeran apparatus consisting of a container forchemical and a heater to maintain the vessel at a temperaturesufficiently high to accelerate evaporation of the pesticide.The appa

34、ratus may contain a blower to disperse the pesticidevapor into a treated area or may rely upon natural turbulentdiffusion for dispersion.wheelbarrow sprayera sprayer apparatus mounted on aframe with wheelbarrow-type handles and one or twowheels.ASTM International takes no position respecting the val

35、idity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is sub

36、ject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headqua

37、rters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standa

38、rd is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 1102 91 (2002)3