ASTM D7862-2018 2500 Standard Specification for Butanol for Blending with Gasoline for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.pdf

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1、Designation: D7862 18Standard Specification forButanol for Blending with Gasoline for Use as AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi

2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers butanol intended to be blendedwith gasoline at 1 % to 12.5 % by volume fo

3、r use as anautomotive spark-ignition engine fuel.1.1.1 Butanol contains 22 % by mass oxygen. The masspercent of oxygen of a butanol blend with gasoline depends onthe volume percent of butanol blended, the density of thebutanol isomer, and the density of the base blendstock.1.1.2 The maximum limit on

4、 blending is not a performancelimit but a current regulatory limit in the United States.1.2 This specification covers three butanol isomers:1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol. This specifica-tion specifically excludes 2-methyl-2-propanol (that is, tert-butyl alcohol).1.2.1 Tert-butyl alco

5、hol has different physical properties(melting point, water miscibility) than the other three isomers.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if

6、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internat

7、ionally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D381 Tes

8、t Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and R

9、elated ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity

10、 of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Contai

11、ners forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5854 Practice for Mixing and Ha

12、ndling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the

13、direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7862 17. DOI:10.1520/D7862-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.

14、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO

15、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by

16、 the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Measurement System PerformanceD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol andButanol by Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatog-raphyD7875 Test Method for De

17、termination of Butanol and Ac-etone Content of Butanol for Blending with Gasoline byGas ChromatographyD7923 Test Method for Water in Ethanol and HydrocarbonBlends by Karl Fischer TitrationE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE203 Test Meth

18、od for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration3. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.NOTE 1The user is advised that the definitions

19、used by variousindustries, marketers, and regulatory bodies can differ from those specificto this specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that theterms used in a particular context are clearly understood.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquidhydrocarbons,

20、 generally containing small amounts ofadditives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internalcombustion engines. D48143.2.2 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used asa fuel or fuel supplement. D48143.3 Definitions of Terms

21、Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 butanol, nbutanol or butyl alcohol refers to1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl 1-propanol, three isomericalcohols with the molecular formula C4H9OH, either individu-ally or as mixtures.4. Performance Requirements4.1 ButanolButanol shall conform to the requirementsshow

22、n in Table 1 at the time of blending with a gasoline. (SeeNote 2.)NOTE 2Commercial processes used to manufacture butanol frombiological feedstock typically yield some fusel oil or alcohols such aspentanol and other higher alcohols.4.1.1 For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecification

23、 limits, an observed value or a calculated valueshall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-mostsignificant digit used in expressing the specification limit, inaccordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For aspecification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero issignificant

24、 only if the decimal point is specified. For a specifiedlimit expressed as an integer, and the right-most digit isnon-zero, the right-most digit is significant without a decimalpoint being specified. This convention applies to specifiedlimits in Table 1 and will not be observed in the remainder ofth

25、is specification.4.2 Other PropertiesLimits more restrictive than thosespecified above, or the specification of additional propertiessuch as color, may be agreed upon between the supplier and thepurchaser.5. Workmanship5.1 At the point of custody transfer, the butanol shall bevisually free of sedime

26、nt, suspended and undissolved matter. Itshall be clear and bright at the fuel temperature at the point ofcustody transfer or at a lower temperature agreed upon by thepurchaser and seller.NOTE 3Fuel components should be resistant to phase separation orundissolved matter at the lowest temperatures to

27、which it is likely to besubjected, dependent on the time and place of its intended use. SeeSpecification D4814, Table X7.1 for guidance.NOTE 4Solubility is temperature dependent. As this fuel componentcools, water and some high molecular weight additives can becomeinsoluble.5.2 The product shall be

28、free of any adulterant or contami-nant that can render the material unacceptable for its com-monly used applications.5.2.1 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoidbutanol contaminated by silicon-containing materials. Siliconcontamination of gasoline-oxygenate blends has led to fouledvehicl

29、e components (for example, spark plugs, exhaust oxygensensors, catalytic converters) requiring parts replacement andrepairs.5.2.2 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoidbutanol contaminated by acetone. Acetone contamination ofTABLE 1 RequirementsProperty Limit MethodButanol, % by volume,

30、min 94.0 D78751-butanol, % by volume Report D78752-butanol, % by volume Report D78752-methyl 1-propanol, % by volume Report D7875Ethanol, % by volume, max 1.0 D7875Methanol, % by volume, max 0.4 D7875Water content, % by volume , max 1.0 D7923, E203,orE1064Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH), % by mass

31、(mg/L),max0.007 (56) D1613Inorganic Chloride, mg/kg (mg/L), max 8 (6) D7319Solvent-washed gum, mg/100 mL, max 5.0 D381Sulfur, mg/kg, max 30. D2622, D5453Existent sulfate, mg/kg, max 4. D7319D7862 182gasoline-oxygenate blends can degrade elastomers used in fuelsystem components as well as paint and/o

32、r clearcoat finishesused on vehicles.5.2.3 The majority of the trace component found in butanolis fusel alcohol with the major one being isoamyl alcohol.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The user is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling to understand the

33、 importance andeffects of sampling technique, proper containers, and specialhandling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D4057 or Practice E300 formanual me

34、thod sampling and in Practice D4177 for automaticmethod sampling, as applicable.6.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselection are important decisions that can impact test results.Refer to Practice D4306 for aviation fuel container selectionfor tests sensitive to trace contaminatio

35、n. Refer to PracticeD5854 for procedures on container selection and samplemixing and handling. All sampling and storage containersshould be evaluated for durability and contamination of buta-nol prior to use. Butanol may be sampled in glass containers;however sodium leaching from glass containers ha

36、s beenshown to interfere with sulfate analysis. HDPE (high densitypolyethylene) containers may be used in place of glass to avoidsodium leaching. If samples must be collected in metalcontainers, do not use soldered metal containers. Soldering fluxin the containers and lead in the solder can contamin

37、ate thesample.6.4 Sample SizeA minimum of about 1 L or 1 U.S. qt isrecommended.6.5 Lot SizeA lot shall normally consist of the amountcontained in a tanker compartment or other bulk container inwhich it is delivered. If this definition does not apply, thedefinition of a lot shall be agreed upon betwe

38、en the supplierand purchaser.NOTE 5See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significance, Safety, andStatistical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E300 for a detaileddiscussion of the statistics of sampling.7. Test Methods7.1 The scope of some of the test methods listed below donot include butanol. The p

39、recisions of those test methods candiffer from the reported precisions when testing butanol.7.2 Water ContentTest Methods D7923, E203,orE1064.7.3 Solvent-Washed Gum ContentTest Method D381, airjet apparatus.7.4 AcidityTest Method D1613.7.5 Sulfur ContentIn the United States, US EPA allowsTest Method

40、s D3120 or D5453 for measuring sulfur in gasolineas long as these alternative test method results are correlated tothe US EPA designated Test Method D2622 when determiningcompliance with US Federal EPA sulfur standards.7.6 Inorganic ChlorideTest Method D7319.7.7 Butanol (1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-meth

41、yl 1-propanol)Test Method D7875.7.8 MethanolTest Method D7875.7.9 Total SulfateTest Method D7319.8. Keywords8.1 acidity; automotive spark-ignition engine fuel; basegasoline; bio-butanol; butanol; chloride ion content; corrosioninhibitors; fuel; gasoline; gasoline-butanol blend; impurities;oxygenate;

42、 solvent-washed gum; sulfate ion content; sulfurcontent; water contentAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF SPECIFIED PROPERTIESX1.1 ButanolX1.1.1 Water ContentKarl Fischer analysis is generallythe only consistently reliable procedure for the determinationof water in butanol. Test Me

43、thod E203 describes the modifi-cations required to run the test in the presence of alcohols.Blends of butanol and gasoline have a limited solvency forwater. This solvency will vary with the butanol content, thetemperature of the blend, and the aromatic content of the basegasoline. Because some degre

44、e of water contamination ispractically unavoidable in transport and handling, the watercontent of the butanol should be limited to reduce the risk ofphase separation.X1.1.1.1 Butanol is not specifically included in the scope ofTest Method D7923. However, Test Method E203, anotherKarl Fischer titrati

45、on procedure included in this specification,outlines an exhaustive list of organic and inorganic chemicalsthat are commonly tested using Karl Fischer titration, includingalcohols. It is expected that Test Method D7923 can determinewater directly in the types of compounds listed in subsection4.4 of T

46、est Method E203.X1.1.2 Solvent-Washed Gum Content:X1.1.2.1 The test for solvent-washed gum content measuresthe amount of residue after evaporation of the fuel andfollowing a heptane wash. The heptane wash removes theD7862 183heptane-soluble, nonvolatile material such as additives, carrieroils used w

47、ith additives, and diesel fuel. Solvent-washed gumconsists of fuel-insoluble gum and fuel-soluble gum. Thefuel-insoluble portion can clog fuel filters. Both can bedeposited on surfaces when the fuel evaporates.X1.1.2.2 Solvent-washed gum can contribute to deposits onthe surfaces of carburetors, fuel

48、 injectors, and intakemanifolds, ports, valves, and valve guides. The impact ofsolvent washed gum from pure alcohols such as ethanol orbutanol on malfunctions of modern engines is not known. Thetest method is used essentially to detect the presence of highboiling, heptane insoluble impurities.X1.1.2

49、.3 Because the precision statements for Test MethodD381 were developed using only data on hydrocarbons, theymay not be applicable to butanol.X1.1.3 AcidityVery dilute aqueous solutions of low mo-lecular weight organic acids such as acetic (CH3COOH) arehighly corrosive to many metals. It is therefore necessary tokeep such acids at a very low concentration.X1.1.4 AppearanceTurbidity or evidence of precipitationnormally indicates contamination.X1.1.4.1 Fuel components can encounter conditions in thebulk distribution system that could cause the material to fail