ASTM D7712-2011e1 1273 Standard Terminology for Sampling and Analysis of Asbestos《有关石棉取样与分析的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D7712 111Standard Terminology forSampling and Analysis of Asbestos1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made to 1.3 in October 2016.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a collective vocabularyrelating to sampling and analysis of a

3、sbestos.As a convenienceto general interest, it contains most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of or

4、igin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D1356 Terminology

5、Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Structure Number Surface LoadingD5756 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling a

6、nd IndirectAnalysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopyfor Asbestos Mass Surface LoadingD6281 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inAmbient and Indoor Atmospheres as Determined byTransmission Electron Microscopy Direct Transfer (TEM)D6480 Test Method for Wipe Sampling of Surfaces

7、, IndirectPreparation, and Analysis for Asbestos Structure NumberSurface Loading by Transmission Electron MicroscopyD6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based onCountsD7200 Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers,Including Asbestos Fibers, in Mines and Quarries, byPhase Contrast Mi

8、croscopy and Transmission ElectronMicroscopyD7201 Practice for Sampling and Counting Airborne Fibers,Including Asbestos Fibers, in the Workplace, by PhaseContrast Microscopy (with an Option of TransmissionElectron Microscopy)D7390 Guide for Evaluating Asbestos in Dust on Surfacesby Comparison Betwee

9、n Two Environments2.2 Government Standards:USGS Open-File Report 02-458 Tabulation of Asbestos-Related Terminology3. Terminologyacicular, adjthe shape shown by an extremely slender crystalwith cross-sectional dimensions that are small relative to itslength, that is, needle-like. D6281actinolite asbe

10、stos, nasbestiform variety of the monoclinicamphibole silicate minerals of the tremolite-actinolite series.D2946activity generated aerosol, na dispersion of particles in airthat have become airborne due to physical disturbances suchas human activity, sweeping, airflow, etc. D7390amosite, nthe acrony

11、m assigned to grunerite asbestos, andderived from the name of the first developers of a majordeposit of this mineral. D2946amphibole, na group of more than 60 different silicateminerals with similar crystal structures and complex com-positions that conform to the nominal formula:A021B2C5T8O22OH,F,Cl

12、!2where:A = K, Na, Ca;B =Fe2+, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na;C = Al, Cr, Ti, Fe3+, Mg, Fe2+;andMn and T = Si, Al, Cr, Fe3+,Ti.In some varieties of amphibole, these elements can bepartially substituted by Li, Pb, Zn, Be, Ba, or Ni. Amphibolesare characterized by a complex monoclinic or orthorhombicstructure that in

13、cludes a double chain of T-O tetrahedra with aT:O ratio of approximately 4:11; a variable morphology that1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.07 on Samplingand Analysis of Asbestos.Current editio

14、n approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. DOI:10.1520/D7712-11E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ranges from columnar to prismatic to acicular to fibrous; andgood prismatic cleavage at angles of about 56 and 1

15、24. Thecleavage may not be readily exhibited by small crystals that arebound by irregular growth and fracture surfaces. D6281amphibole asbestos, nasbestiform amphibole silicate min-erals including the orthorhombic anthophyllite series and themonoclinic cummingtonite (grunerite asbestos amosite)serie

16、s, the tremolite-actinolite series, and the alkali amphi-bole (riebeckite asbestos crocidolite) series, among others.DISCUSSIONThe amphiboles contain essential (OH) groups in thestructure, and the Si:O ratio is 4:11. A considerable amount ofelemental substitution can take place in these varieties of

17、 asbestos. Thecrystal structures are composed of strips or ribbons of linked polyhedralthat join to form fibrils. The individual strips are made up from threecomponents; these are two double chains of linked (Si, Al)O4 tetrahe-dra and a strip of linked MgO6, FeO6,or AlO6octahedra. D2946,namphibole i

18、n an asbestiform habit. D6281D6480analytical sensitivity, nthe calculated airborne asbestosstructure concentration in asbestos structures/L, equivalentto the counting of one asbestos structure in the analysis.D6281,nthe calculated airborne asbestos structure concentrationin asbestos structures/squar

19、e centimeter, equivalent to countingof one asbestos structure in the analysis calculated using Eq. 2in D6480. D6480anthophyllite asbestos, nasbestiform variety of the ortho-rhombic amphibole silicate minerals of the anthophylliteseries.DISCUSSIONIts empirical formula is Mg7Si8O22(OH)2. Its ChemicalA

20、bstracts number is 77536-67-5. D2946area sample, nan air sample collected so as to represent theconcentration of airborne dust in a specific mine location, orarea, or room of a workplace. D7200,nan air sample collected so as to represent the concen-tration of airborne dust in a specific area or room

21、, which, in thecase of this practice, refers to an area or room of a workplace.D7201asbestiform, adjhaving an inherent fine-texturedmorphology, resulting from unequal relative development ofthe principal crystal axes in a silicate mineral, that predeter-mines subdivision into strong flexible fibers

22、having micro-scopic to submicroscopic thickness and a high length towidth ratio when the mineral is subjected to comminution.DISCUSSIONTerm derived from “asbestos.” D2946, adja special type of fibrous habit in which the fibers areseparable into thinner fibers and ultimately into fibrils. Thishabit a

23、ccounts for greater flexibility and higher tensile strengththan other habits of the same mineral. D5755D5756, adja specific type of fibrous habit in which the fibers areseparable into thinner fibers and ultimately into fibrils. Thishabit accounts for greater flexibility and higher tensile strengthth

24、an other habits of the same mineral. D6281, adja specific type of fibrous mineral growth habit inwhich the fibers and fibrils exhibit a polyfilamentous growthhabit and possess high tensile strength and flexibility. Allmaterials regulated as asbestos are asbestiform, but not allasbestiform minerals a

25、re classified as asbestos. Characteristicssuch as tensile strength and flexibility cannot be ascertainedfrom microscopic evaluation. D7200D7201asbestos, nthe generic term for naturally occurring inorganichydrated silicates, occurring in layered structures composedof chains of silicon and oxygen tetr

26、ahedra, that can subdi-vide into flexible fibers. D2946,na collective term that describes a group of naturallyoccurring, inorganic, highly fibrous, silicate dominatedminerals, which are easily separated into long, thin, flexiblefibers when crushed or processed.DISCUSSIONIncluded in the definition ar

27、e the asbestiform varietiesof: serpentine (chrysotile); riebeckite (crocidolite); grunerite (gruneriteasbestos); anthophyllite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite (tremoliteasbestos); and actinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibole mineralcompositions are defined in accordance with the nomenclat

28、ure of theInternational Mineralogical Association. D5755,na collective term that describes a group of naturallyoccurring, inorganic, highly fibrous, silicate minerals, whichare easily separated into long, thin, flexible fibers when crushedor processed.DISCUSSIONIncluded in the definition are the asb

29、estiform varietiesof: serpentine (chrysotile); riebeckite (crocidolite); grunerite (amosite);anthophyllite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite (tremolite asbestos);and actinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibole mineral composi-tions are defined according to nomenclature of the InternationalMine

30、ralogical Association. D5756,na collective term that describes a group of naturallyoccurring, inorganic, highly-fibrous, silicate minerals, that areeasily separated into long, thin, flexible, strong fibers whencrushed or processed.DISCUSSIONIncluded in the definition are the asbestiform varietiesof

31、serpentine (chrysotile); riebeckite (crocidolite); grunerite (gruneriteasbestos Amosite); anthophyllite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite(tremolite asbestos); and actinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibolemineral compositions are defined according to the nomenclature of theInternational Miner

32、alogical Association. D6281D6480,na term applied to six specific silicate minerals belong-ing to the serpentine and amphibole groups, which havecrystallized in the asbestiform habit, causing them to be easilyseparated into long, thin, flexible, strong fibers when crushedor processed. The Chemical Ab

33、stracts Service Registry Num-bers of the most common asbestos varieties are: chrysotile(12001-29-5), riebeckite asbestos (crocidolite) (12001-28-4),grunerite asbestos (Amosite) (12172-73-5), anthophyllite as-bestos (77536-67-5), tremolite asbestos (77536-68-6) and ac-tinolite asbestos (77536-66-4).

34、The precise chemical composi-tion of each species varies with the location from which it wasmined. Other amphibole minerals which exhibit the character-istics of asbestos have also been observed. The nominalcompositions of the most common asbestos varieties are:Chrysotile Mg3Si2O5(OH)4, CrocidoliteN

35、a2Fe32+Fe23+Si8O22(OH)2, Amosite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2,D7712 1112Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2, Tremolite Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) 0.9-1.0, Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) 0.5-0.9.NOTE 1Actinolite compositions in which Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) is between 0and 0.5 are referred to as fer

36、roactinolite.asbestos fiber, nacicular silicate mineral, with a structurebased upon silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, that fits the definitionof a fiber, and is composed of single crystals in predomi-nately parallel orientation.DISCUSSIONCommon usage also designates a collectivity of asbes-tos fibers as as

37、bestos fiber. D2946,na fiber of asbestos that meets the criteria specifiedbelow for “fiber.” Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) does notidentify fibers unequivocally as asbestos. Under the lightmicroscope, a population of asbestos fibers may appear as amixture of fiber agglomerates, fiber bundles (poly

38、filamentousgrowth, unique to asbestiform fibers), fibers with split ends,and single fibers, the relative occurrence and frequency of eachtype depending on the situation. D7200D7201asbestos structure, na term applied to isolated fibers or toany connected or overlapping grouping of asbestos fibers orb

39、undles, with or without other nonasbestos particles. D6281,na term applied to isolated fibers or to any connected oroverlapping grouping of asbestos fibers or bundles, with orwithout other nonasbestos particles. D6480aspect ratio, nthe ratio of the length of a fibrous particle toits average width. D

40、5755D5756,nthe ratio of length to width of a particle. D6281D6480,nthe ratio of the length of a fiber to its width. D7200D7201background, na statistical distribution of structures intro-duced by (i) analyst counting errors and (ii) contaminationon an unused filter or contamination as a consequence o

41、f thesample collection and sample preparation steps.DISCUSSIONThis definition of background is specific to this prac-tice. The only counting errors considered in this definition of back-ground are errors that result in an over-count (that is, false positives).Analyst counting errors are errors such

42、as, determining the length ofstructures or fibers and whether, based on length, they should becounted; counting artifacts as fibers; determining the number ofstructures protruding from a matrix; and interpreting a cluster as one,two, or more structures that should be counted only as zero or onestruc

43、ture. For purposes of developing the DL, assume that backgroundcontamination sources have been reduced to their lowest achievablelevels. D6620background samples, nsamples taken from surfaces that areconsidered to have concentrations of asbestos in surface dustthat are representative of conditions th

44、at exist in an environ-ment that is affected by only prevailing conditions and hasnot experienced events, disturbances or activities unusual forthe environment. D7390blank, na structure count made on TEM specimens preparedfrom an unused filter to determine the backgroundmeasurement. D6281,na filter

45、that has not been used to collect asbestos fromthe target environment. D6620DISCUSSIONBlanks are used in this practice to determine the degreeof asbestos contamination that is reflected in asbestos measurements.Contamination may be on the virgin filter or introduced in handling thefilter in the fiel

46、d or when preparing it for inspection with a microscope.The data required to determine the degree of contamination consists,therefore, of measurements of field blanks that have experienced thefull preparation process.bundle, nan assemblage of asbestos in which the fibersremain entirely in their orig

47、inal close packed parallel con-figuration (or not appreciably displaced therefrom) andhaving a transverse dimension typically between 2 and 8mm. D2946,na structure composed of three or more fibers in aparallel arrangement with the fibers closer than one fiberdiameter to each other. D5755D5756D6480ca

48、mera length, nthe equivalent projection length betweenthe specimen and its electron 195 diffraction pattern, in theabsence of lens action. D6281D6480chrysotile, nan asbestos mineral belonging to the serpentinegroup, having a chemical composition close toMg3SiO5(OH)4.DISCUSSIONModerate amounts of alu

49、minum may substitute forsilicon and moderate amounts of iron may substitute for magnesium.Small amounts of MnO, CaO, K2O, and Na2O are also reported in thechemical analysis. The crystal structure of chrysotile asbestos consistsof double layers, each consisting of a layer of linked SiO4tetrahedrathat is coordinated to a second layer of linked MgO2(OH)4octahedralinked through the sharing of oxygen atoms; the composite double layerrolls up, like a scroll to form long hollow tubes. The outer diameters ofthe individual tubes are