ASTM D7480-2008(2014) 5398 Standard Guide for Evaluating the Attributes of a Forest Management Plan《评估森林管理计划属性的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: D7480 08 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forEvaluating the Attributes of a Forest Management Plan1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7480; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l

2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides a list of criteria and indicators thathave been shown to be useful in achieving the goals of asusta

3、inable forest management plan. This guide lists a set ofcriteria considered to be important for the following tasks:1.1.1 To describe, assess, and evaluate progress towardsustainability of forest management at the national, regional, orindividual forest level.1.1.2 To inform the policy debate at reg

4、ional, national, andinternational levels.1.1.3 To evaluate the attributes of a forest managementcertification or evaluation system with a specific combinationof forest management principles, practices, or adaptations,where such practices are evaluated against a set of prescribedstandards. Although t

5、his guide provides a qualitative list ofcriteria for evaluation of forest conditions, it does not purportto recommend any specific forest management certification orevaluation system or subset of overall attributes. The guidedoes not replace forest certification or verification standards.1.2 This gu

6、ide will require compilation of information frommultiple sources across various governmental and nongovern-mental agencies. For this guide to be useful, it is recommendedthat the information collected is in alignment with that whichis already collected for other purposes; otherwise these indi-cators

7、 may be too great an effort to combine in a timelyfashion.NOTE 1Although this document provides general guidance applicableto forests and forest products from many countries, its initial applicationis expected to focus on North America.1.3 This guide cannot replace education or experience andshould

8、be used in conjunction with professional judgment suchas that provided by foresters, forest scientists, and woodtechnologists.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap

9、pro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-ucts3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsStandard definitions of wood terms aregiven in Terminology D9

10、.3.2 Definitions of Terms Related to the Field of Forestry:3.2.1 criterion, na category of conditions or processes bywhich sustainable forest management may be assessed. Acriterion is characterized by a set of related indicators whichare monitored periodically to assess change.Montral Process33.2.2

11、criterion indicator, na measure (measurement) of anaspect of the criterion. A quantitative or qualitative variablewhich can be measured or described and which when observedperiodically demonstrates trends. Montral Process33.2.3 ecosystem, na dynamic complex of plant, animal,fungal, and micro-organis

12、m communities and the associatednon-living environment with which they interact.Montral Process33.2.4 forest management practice, na specific activity,measure, course of action, or treatment. USFS43.2.5 forest type, na category of forest defined by itsvegetation, particularly composition, or localit

13、y factors, or anycombination thereof, as categorized by each country in asystem suitable to its situation. Montral Process31This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.08 on Forests.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Publ

14、ished February 2014. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D748008. DOI:10.1520/D7480-08R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r

15、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3“Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management ofTemperate and Boreal Forests,” The Montral Process, Third Edition, December2007, Online, available, http:/www.rinya.maff.go.jp/mpci/meetings/an-6.pdf, 1 De-cembe

16、r 2008.4Available from the United States Forestry Service (USFS), 1400 IndependenceAve., SW Washington, DC 20250-0003, http:/www.fs.fed.us.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Criteria 16Criterion Element Indicator1

17、. Conservation of biologicaldiversity1.1 Ecosystem diversity 1.1a Area and percent of forest by forest ecosystem type, successional stage, age class,and forest ownership or tenure1.1b Area and percent of forest in protected areas by forest ecosystem type and by ageclass or successional stage1.1c Fra

18、gmentation of forests1.2 Species diversity 1.2a Number of native forest associated species1.2b Number and status of native forest associated species at risk, as determined bylegislation or scientific assessment1.2c Status of on site and off site efforts focused on conservation of species diversity1.

19、3 Genetic diversity 1.3a Number and geographic distribution of forest associated species at risk of losinggenetic variation and locally adapted genotypes1.3b Population levels of selected representative forest associated species to describegenetic diversity1.3c Status of on site and off site efforts

20、 focused on conservation of genetic diversity2. Maintenance of productivecapacity of forest ecosystems2.a Area and percent of forest land and net area of forest land available for woodproduction2.b Total growing stock and annual increment of both merchantable and non-merchantabletree species in fore

21、sts available for wood production2.c Area, percent, and growing stock of plantations of native and exotic species2.d Annual harvest of wood products by volume and as a percentage of net growth orsustained yield2.e Annual harvest of non-wood forest products3. Maintenance of forestecosystem health and

22、 vitality3.a Area and percent of forest affected by biotic processes and agents (for example,disease, insects, invasive species) beyond reference conditions3.b Area and percent of forest affected by abiotic agents (for example, fire, storm, landclearance) beyond reference conditions4. Conservation a

23、nd maintenanceof soil and water resources4.1 Protective Function 4.1a Area and percent of forest whose designation or land management focus is theprotection of soil or water resources4.2 Soil 4.2a Proportion of forest management activities that meet best management practices orother relevant legisla

24、tion to protect soil resources4.2b Area and percent of forest land with significant soil degradation4.3 Water 4.3a Proportion of forest management activities that meet best management practices, orother relevant legislation, to protect water related resources4.3b Area and percent of water bodies, or

25、 stream length, in forest areas with significantchange in physical, chemical, or biological properties from reference conditions5. Maintenance of forestcontribution to global carboncycles5.a Total forest ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes5.b Total forest product carbon pools and fluxes5.c Avoided fos

26、sil fuel carbon emissions by using forest biomass for energy6. Maintenance and enhancementof long-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet theneeds of societies6.1 Production and consumption 6.1a Value and volume of wood and wood products production, including primary andsecondary processing6.1

27、b Value of non-wood forest products produced or collected6.1c Revenue from forest based environmental services6.1d Total and per capita consumption of wood and wood products in round woodequivalents6. Maintenance and enhancementof long-term multiple socio-economic benefits to meet theneeds of societ

28、ies6.1 Production and consumption 6.1e Total and per capita consumption of non-wood products6.1f Value and volume in round wood equivalents of exports and imports of wood products6.1g Value of exports and imports of non-wood products6.1h Exports as a share of wood and wood products production and im

29、ports as a share ofwood and wood products consumption6.1i Recovery or recycling of forest products as a percent of total forest productsconsumption6.2 Investment in the forest sector 6.2a Value of capital investment and annual expenditure in forest management, wood andnon-wood product industries, fo

30、rest-based environmental services, recreation, and tourism6.2b Annual investment and expenditure in forest-related research, extension anddevelopment, and education6.3 Employment and communityneeds6.3a Employment in the forest sector6.3b Average wage rates, annual average income, and annual injury r

31、ates in major forestemployment categories6.3c Resilience of forest-dependent communities6.3d Area and percent of forests used for subsistence purposes6.3e Distribution of revenues derived from forest managementD7480 08 (2014)23.2.6 forestry, nforestry is the science and art of attainingdesired fores

32、t conditions and benefits to sustain and enhanceforest resources for diverse benefits in perpetuity.Society of American Foresters53.2.7 monitoring, nthe periodic and systematic measure-ment and assessment of change of an indicator.Montral Process33.2.8 sustainable forest management, nthe practice of

33、meeting the forest resource needs and values of the presentgenerations with a goal of preserving the similar capacity offuture generations. Sustainable forest management involvespracticing a land stewardship ethic that integrates thereforestation, managing, growing, nurturing, and harvesting oftress

34、 for useful products with the conservation of soil, air, andwater quality; wildlife and fish habitat; and aesthetics.Dictionary of Forestry63.2.9 sustained-yield, nthe achievement and maintenanceover multigenerational timeframes of a high-level annual orregular periodic output of the various renewab

35、le resources ofthe forest without impairment of its productivity. USFS43.3 Additional Terms Related to Sustainability andCertification/Verification Programs:3.3.1 biobased producta commercial or industrial product(other than food or feed) that is composed, in whole or insignificant part, of biologic

36、al products or renewable agricul-tural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials)or forestry materials.3.3.2 certified forest contentcertified forest content istracked through a chain of custody process either by physicalseparation or percentage based approaches.3.3.3 certified wood (

37、or wood-based product)derived/manufactured from an acceptable content of raw material fromcertified forest, other acceptable sources and recycled contentas determined by a credible and reliable forest certificationprograms. Certified wood or wood-based products comply withall applicable standards fo

38、r their intended use as required bythe International Building Code and related Codes.3.3.4 chain of custody (COC)a defined process that allowscompanies to make claims about how much of the fiber in theirproduct comes from certified forests, how much fiber comesfrom acceptable sources, and how much o

39、f the fiber comesfrom recycled content. COC is typically third party audited inaccordance with forest certification/verification programs.3.3.5 forestry materialsmaterials derived from the prac-tice of planting and caring for forests and the management ofgrowing timber. Such materials must come from

40、 short rotationwoody crops (less than ten years old), sustainably managedforests, wood residues, or forest thinnings.3.3.6 other acceptable sourcesother acceptable sourcesrefers to forest content that, while not from a certified forest,can be verified as not coming from a non-acceptable source asdef

41、ined by the certification program.3.3.7 non acceptable sourcesillegal or unauthorized har-vesting as defined by the forest certification programs refer-enced in this guideline.3.3.8 procurement systema system requiring organizationsbuying raw materials to have an auditable procurement processdesigne

42、d to improve forest management on all suppliers landsand ensure all fiber comes from known and legal sources.3.3.9 wood-based productany material which consist of aminimum of 90 % of forest materials as measured by eitherweight or volume.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The criteria and indicators listed unde

43、r Sections 6 and 7apply broadly to temperate and boreal forests. They areintended to provide a common understanding of what is meantby sustainable forest management. Section 6 provides a com-mon framework for describing, assessing, and evaluating acountrys progress toward sustainability at the natio

44、nal orregional level. Section 7 provides smaller-scale systems, plans,and practices to assess sustainability at the individual forestmanagement level.4.2 The criteria and indicators are intended to provide aninternational reference for policy-makers in the formulation ofnational and regional policie

45、s and a basis for internationalcooperation aimed at supporting sustainable forest manage-ment. Internationally agreeable criteria and indicators will helpto clarify ongoing dialogues related to international trade inproducts from sustainably managed forests.4.3 The additional terms related to sustai

46、nability andcertification/verification systems (see 3.3) are included in thisguide to provide a common reference for these terms that arecommonly associated (either directly or indirectly) with prod-ucts derived from sustainably managed forests.NOTE 2While the inclusion of the terms noted in 3.3 are

47、 peripheral tothe main thrust of this guide, their “standardization” within an ASTM5Available from the Society of American Foresters (SAF), 5400 GrosvenorLane, Bethesda, MD 20814-2198, http:/www.safnet.org.6Helms, J. A., ed., The Dictionary of Forestry, Society of American Foresters,Bethesda, MD, 19

48、98.TABLE 1 ContinuedCriterion Element Indicator6.4 Recreation and tourism 6.4a Area and percent of forests available or managed for public recreation and tourism, orboth6.4b Number, type, and geographic distribution of visits attributed to recreation and tourismand related to facilities available6.5

49、 Cultural, social and spiritualneeds and values6.5a Area and percent of forests managed primarily to protect the range of cultural, socialand spiritual needs and values6.5b The importance of forests to peopleD7480 08 (2014)3document provides enormous benefits for various groups of users of thisdocument.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to be used by developers ofstandards and other documents in the field of renewableresources and green building to evaluate whether the attributesof a specific forest management system meet the intent o