ASTM D7321-2011 5000 Standard Test Method for Test Method for Particulate Contamination of Biodiesel B100 Blend Stock Biodiesel Esters and Biodiesel Blends by Laboratory Filtration.pdf

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1、Designation: D7321 11Standard Test Method forTest Method for Particulate Contamination of Biodiesel B100Blend Stock Biodiesel Esters and Biodiesel Blends byLaboratory Filtration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the

2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ma

3、ss ofparticulate contamination in B100 biodiesel in accordance withSpecification D6751 and BXX blends that are prepared againstall No. 1 and No. 2 grade fuels allowed within SpecificationsD396 and D975.NOTE 1Middle distillate fuels with flash points less than 38C havebeen ignited by discharges of st

4、atic electricity when the fuels have beenfiltered through inadequately bonded or grounded glass fiber filtersystems. See Guide D4865 for a more detailed discussion of staticelectricity formation and discharge.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurem

5、ent are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat

6、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D396 Specification for Fuel OilsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricit

7、y in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Distillate Fuels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animalfats, designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend

8、, BXX, nblend of biodiesel fuel withpetroleum based biodiesel fuel.3.1.3 bond, vto connect two parts of a system electricallyby means of a conductive wire to eliminate voltage differences.3.1.4 ground, vto connect electrically with earth.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 filte

9、red flushing fluids, nany of three solvents,methanol, propan-2-ol (isopropanol), or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, filtered through a nominal 0.45 m filter.3.2.2 test glass fiber filter, nglass fiber filter used in thistest method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 B100 Biodiesel Blend Stock Filtration:4.1.1 Ame

10、asured volume of about 400 mLof biodiesel ester(B100) is vacuum filtered through one 0.7 m glass fiber filter.When the contamination is high or of a nature that inducesslow filtration rates, two or more filtrations using a fresh testfilter each time may be required to complete filtration in areasona

11、ble time.4.1.2 After the filtration has been completed, the test filter iswashed with solvent, dried, and weighed. The particulatecontamination level is determined by subtracting the blankfilter mass before filtration from the mass gained by the testfilter, and is reported in units of g/m3or its equ

12、ivalent in mg/L.4.2 BXX Biodiesel Blend Filtration:4.2.1 A measured volume of about 800 mL of biodieselblend (BXX) is vacuum filtered through one 0.7 m glass fiberfilter. When the contamination is high or of a nature thatinduces slow filtration rates, two or more filtrations using afresh filter each

13、 time may be required to complete filtration ina reasonable time.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Jan. 1,

14、2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7321-08. DOI:10.1520/D7321-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informati

15、on, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2.2 After the filtration has been completed, the

16、test filter iswashed with solvent, dried, and weighed. The particulatecontamination level is determined by subtracting the mass gainfrom the test filter, and is reported in units of g/m3or itsequivalent in mg/L.5. Significance and Use5.1 The mass of particulates present in a fuel is a significantfac

17、tor, along with the size and nature of the individualparticles, in the rapidity with which fuel system filters andother small orifices in fuel systems can become plugged. Thistest method provides a means of assessing the mass ofparticulates present in a fuel sample.5.2 The test method can be used in

18、 specifications andpurchase documents as a means of controlling particulatecontamination levels in the fuels purchased.6. Apparatus6.1 Filtration SystemArrange the following componentsas shown in Fig. 1.6.1.1 Funnel and Funnel Base, with filter support for a47-mm diameter glass fiber, and locking ri

19、ng or spring actionclip.6.1.2 Ground/Bond Wire, 0.912-2.59 mm (No. 10 throughNo. 19) bare stranded flexible, stainless steel, or copperinstalled in the flasks and grounded as shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 2The electrical bonding apparatus shown in Fig. 1 or othersuitable means of electrical grounding that en

20、sure safe operation of thefiltration apparatus and flask can be used. If the filtrate is to besubsequently tested for stability, it is advisable not to use copper sincecopper ions catalyze gum formation during the stability test.6.1.3 Receiving Flask, 1.5 L or larger borosilicate glassvacuum filter

21、flask, into which the filtration apparatus fits,equipped with a sidearm to connect to the safety flask.6.1.4 Safety Flask, 1.5 L or larger borosilicate glass vacuumfilter flask equipped with a sidearm to connect the vacuumsystem. A fuel and solvent resistance rubber hose throughwhich the grounding w

22、ire passes shall connect the sidearm ofthe receiving flask to the tube passing through the rubberstopper in the top of the safety flask.6.1.5 Vacuum System, either a water aspirated or a mechani-cal vacuum pump may be used if capable of producing avacuum of 1 to 100 kPa below atmospheric pressure wh

23、enmeasured at the receiving flask.6.2 Other Apparatus:6.2.1 Air Ionizer, if used for the balance case. Air ionizers ifused should be replaced annually.NOTE 3When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may beomitted provided that, when weighing a glass fiber filter, it is placed on thepan so that

24、 no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.6.2.2 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, with theprecision standard deviation of 0.07 mg or less.6.2.3 Crucible Tongs, for handling clean sample containerlids.6.2.4 Drying Oven, naturally convected (without fan-assisted air circulation), controllin

25、g to 90 6 5C.6.2.5 Flushing Fluid Dispenser, an apparatus for dispensingflushing fluid through a nominal 0.45 m filter.6.2.6 Forceps, approximately 12-cm long, flat-bladed, withnon-serrated, non-pointed tips.6.2.7 Graduated Cylinders, to contain at least 1 L of fluidand marked at 10-mL intervals. Fo

26、r samples that filter slowly,100-mL graduated cylinders may be required.6.2.8 Petri Dishes, approximately 12.5 cm in diameter, withremovable glass supports for glass fiber filters.NOTE 4Small watch glasses, approximately 5 to 7 cm in diameter,have also been found suitable to support the glass fiber

27、filter.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications

28、 are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficient purity to permit its use without lessening the accu-racy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water mean reagent water as defined by Types I, II and

29、III ofSpecification D1193.7.3 Flushing Fluids:7.3.1 Methanol,(WarningFlammable).7.3.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane),(WarningFlammable).7.4 propan-2-ol (2-propanol; isopropyl alcohol),(WarningFlammable).7.5 Liquid or Powder Detergent, water-soluble, for cleaningglassware.7.6 Test Glass Fiber Fil

30、ter, plain, 47-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.7-m.7.7 Protective Cover, polyethylene film or clean aluminumfoil.3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Socie

31、ty, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 1 Schematic of Filtration SystemD7321 1128. Sampling8.1 Sampling for Procedure for Biodiesel Blend

32、Stock(B100):8.1.1 The sample container should be 500 mL (60.15 L) involume and have a screw-on cap with an inert liner. Glasscontainers are preferred to facilitate a visual inspection of thecontents and the container before and after filling. Glasscontainers also allow for visual inspection of the c

33、ontainer,after the sample is emptied, to confirm complete rinsing of thecontainer. Epoxy-lined sample cans, polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) bottles, and high density linear polyethylene bottleshave also been found suitable as sample containers, but theyare less desirable since visual inspection of the

34、 interior of thecontainer is more difficult.8.1.1.1 It is imperative that the entire contents of the samplecontainer are filtered during the B100 filtration. This includesnot only all of the fuel but also all rinsings of the interior of thecontainer with flushing fluid. Because of this, take care to

35、protect the sample from any external contamination.8.1.2 If it is not possible to sample in a 500 mL bottle, or thesample has already been received ina1Lbottle, follow8.1.2.1.8.1.2.1 Vigorously shake the sample for 1 min, and transfer400 mL to a clean fresh 500 mL (60.15 L) bottle. If a cleanfresh 5

36、00 mL (60.15 L) bottle is not available, use a cleanfresh 1 L (60.15 L) bottle.8.1.3 Precautions to avoid sample contamination shall in-clude selection of an appropriate sampling point. Samplesshould preferentially be obtained dynamically from a samplingloop in a distribution line, or from the flush

37、ing line of a fieldsampling kit. Ensure that the line to be sampled is flushed withfuel before taking the sample.8.1.3.1 Where it is desirable or only possible to obtainsamples from static storage, follow the procedures given inPractice D4057 or equivalent, taking precautions for cleanli-ness of all

38、 equipment used. Ensure that the sample has notpassed through intermediate containers prior to placement inthe prepared container.NOTE 5Samples obtained from static storage may give results that arenot representative of the bulk contents of the tank because of particulatematter settling. Where possi

39、ble, the contents of the tank should becirculated or agitated before sampling, or the sampling should beperformed shortly after a tank has been filled.8.1.4 Visually inspect the sample container before taking thesamples to verify that there are no visible particles presentinside the container. Fill

40、the sample container 90 volume %full, leaving space for vapor expansion. Protect the fuel samplefrom prolonged exposure to light by wrapping the container inaluminum foil or storing it in the dark to reduce the possibilityof particulate formation by light-promoted reactions. Do nottransfer the fuel

41、sample from its original sample container intoan intermediate storage container. If the original samplecontainer is damaged or leaking, then a new sample must beobtained.8.1.5 Analyze fuel samples as soon as possible after sam-pling. When a fuel cannot be analyzed within one day, it shouldbe blanket

42、ed with an inert gas such as oxygen-free nitrogen,argon, or helium. Store at a temperature no higher than 10C;samples with cloud points above 10C may be stored at roomtemperature.8.2 Sampling for Procedure for Biodiesel Blends (BXX):8.2.1 The sample container for BXX shall be 1 L (60.15 L)in volume

43、and have a screw-on cap with an inert liner. Glasscontainers are preferred to facilitate a visual inspection of thecontents and the container before and after filling. Glasscontainers also allow for visual inspection of the container,after the sample is emptied, to confirm complete rinsing of thecon

44、tainer. Epoxy-lined sample cans, polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) bottles, and high density linear polyethylene bottleshave also been found suitable as sample containers, but theseare less desirable since visual inspection of the interior of thecontainer is more difficult.8.2.1.1 It is important to not

45、e that the entire contents of thesample container are filtered during the BXX filtration. Thisincludes not only all of the fuel but also all rinsings of theinterior of the container with flushing fluid. Because of this,take care to protect the sample from any external contamina-tion. The expectation

46、 is, allowing for ullage, that the volume inthe 1-L sample bottle will be 800 mL (60.15 L).8.2.2 Follow 8.1.3-8.1.5.9. Preparation of Apparatus and Sample Containers9.1 Clean all components of the filtration apparatus asdescribed in 9.1.1-9.1.4.9.1.1 Remove any labels, tags, and so forth.9.1.2 Rinse

47、 apparatus thoroughly with propan-2-ol that hasbeen filtered through a 0.45 m glass fiber filter.9.1.3 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid and dry.9.1.4 Keep a clean protective cover (the cover may be rinsedwith filtered flushing fluid) over the top of the sample containeruntil the cap is

48、installed. Similarly protect the funnel openingof the assembled filtration apparatus with a clean protectivecover until ready for use.9.1.5 Use clean sample containers.10. Preparation of Glass Fiber Filter10.1 For fuels containing little particulate materials, onlyone filter is required. If the fuel

49、 is highly contaminated, morethan one set of filters may be required (see Section 11). Cleanall glassware used in preparation of glass fiber filter asdescribed in Section 9.10.2 Using forceps, place the test and glass fiber filter sideby side in a clean petri dish. To facilitate handling, the glassfiber filter should rest on clean glass support rods or watchglasses in the petri dish.10.3 Place the petri dish with its lid slightly ajar, in a dryingoven at 90 6 5C, and leave it for 30 min.10.4 Remove the petri dish from the drying oven, and placeit near the b