ASTM D7139-2009e2 8514 Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers《棉纤维的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D7139 092Standard Terminology forCotton Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7139; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the

2、 year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETerms from D7642 and D1447 were added editorially in March 2013.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the compilation of all terminologydeveloped by Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.

3、1.2 This terminology is unique to the Cotton Fibers industry.Meanings of the same terms used outside the industry can befound in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D7139 isalso a tool for managing the Subcommittees terminology. T

4、hisincludes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies,that is, where two or more terms relating to the same conceptare defined in different words.1.4 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of SubcommitteeD13.11.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see TerminologyD123.2. Referenced Doc

5、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofCotton Fibers (Array Method)D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for TestingD1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (SodiumHydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedu

6、res)D1445 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation ofCotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity ofCotton Fibers by Photoelectric MeasurementD1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fi-bersD1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of C

7、ottonD1684 Practice for Lighting Cotton Classing Rooms forColor GradingD2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-DryingD2496 Test Method for Seed Coat Fragments and Funiculiin Cotton Fiber Samples (Withdrawn 1986)3D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of CottonD3025 Practice for Standardizin

8、g Cotton Fiber Test Resultsby Use of Calibration Cotton StandardsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)3D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-rics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD5867

9、 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-ties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification InstrumentsD7642 Practice for Establishment of Calibration Cottons forCotton Classification InstrumentsD7785 Test Method for Water in Lint Cotton by OvenEvaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl FischerTitra

10、tion3. TerminologyA-tuft, na single-pass process for aligning hook free fiberson the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332amount, nin cotton length testing with the Fibrograph(optical) or Length Analyzer (pneumatic), a measure of thethickness, optical or pneumatic density, of the test beard,proportional to the n

11、umber of fibers present at variousdistances from the base of the comb(s) (Fibrograph) or thespecimen clamp jaws (Length Analyzer). D5867amount, nin cotton length testing with the Fibrograph,ameasure of the thickness, or optical density, of the test beard,proportional to the number of fibers present

12、at variousdistances from the base of the comb(s). D1447B-tuft, na two-pass process for aligning hooked fibers on theFibroliner FL-101. D53321This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.Current edi

13、tion approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D713905. DOI:10.1520/D7139-09E02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS

14、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1blendi

15、ng plan, nthe instructions for mixing fibers duringspecimen preparation. D5332bound water, nthe amount of water in a test specimen thatis hydrogen bonded to cellulose and expressed as a percent-age of the mass of the specimen. D7785calibration cotton standards, ncotton samples taken fromblended bulk

16、 source on which fiber properties have beendetermined under the International Calibration Cotton Stan-dards Program. D1448, D3025, D5867calibration cotton standards, nbales of cotton with estab-lished values of micronaire, length, uniformity index andbreaking tenacity (strength) for the purpose of c

17、alibratingcotton classification instruments for length, uniformity indexand breaking tenacity (strength). D7642candidate bale, nbale of saw ginned cotton selected forpotential use as a calibration cotton standard. D7642coefficient of length variation, na measure of fiber lengthdistribution. D1440, D

18、5332color grading, nthe act of identifying a specimen by a colorgrade or color score that is specific to the color and thematerial graded. D1684color lamp, nin color determination of cotton with a ColorMeter, a lamp with a specific energy output function used inconjunction with special tristimulus f

19、ilters to obtain a desiredresponse function. D5867color meter, nan instrument which measures the fibersample color as presented in the viewing window, in terms ofthe tristimulus values Y and Z and transmits these values tothe IC/TC for further processing. D5867color space, nspecific to this standard

20、, the daylight color ofopaque specimens are represented by points in a space interms of three color scales: reflectance, Rd, and the chroma-ticity coordinates for redness or greenness, 6a, and yellow-ness or blueness, ber/brusher, nan instrument which prepares the testbeard of fibers for length, len

21、gth uniformity, strength, andelongation measurements by combing the test specimen toremove loose or unclamped fibers and paralleling the indi-vidually clamped fibers, and by brushing the clamped fibersto remove fiber crimp and smooth the test beard of cotton.D5867control limits, npredetermined range

22、s based on the variabil-ity of past observations between which the instrument datafor a test must fall to be considered valid. D5867cotton, na vegetable seed fiber consisting of unicellular hairsattached to the seed of several species of the genus Gossy-pium of the family Malvaceae. D1445cotton colo

23、r diagram, na diagram showing the color rangesof standards officially established by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture for the various grades of cotton in relation toscales of reflectance. Rd, on the vertical axis, and yellowness,+ b, on the horizontal axis. D5867cotton maturity, nthe degree of fibe

24、r wall development.D1442cotton waste, nmaterial removed from seed cotton, ginnedlint, or stock in process by any cleaning or processingmachinery and usually consisting of undesirable fibers or amixture of cotton fibers with foreign matter. D2495differential dyeing behavior, nof cotton, the tendency

25、ofcotton fibers to absorb and retain selectively varying propor-tions of different dyes from a binary dye bath. D1464elevator, na general term describing a mechanical device onthe Motion Control, Inc. Fiber Information System whichmoves the specimen clamp while preparing the specimen orwhile taking

26、a length/uniformity index or strength/elongation measurement. D5867elongation at breaking force, nin fiber strength testing ofcotton, the elongation corresponding to the maximum force,and expressed as a percentage of the 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) gagelength. D1445, D5867extra long staple cotton, nalso known

27、as Pima cotton,cotton that is of the gossypium barbadense species which ischaracterized by longer, stronger and finer fibers comparedto Upland cotton. D7642fanhead, nthe process of removing one half of the bandsfrom one end of a cotton bale to expand (swell out) the layersof the bale in order to fac

28、ilitate bale sampling. D7642fanheading, nthe process of removing one half of the bandsfrom one end of a cotton bale to expand (swell out) the layersof the bale in order to facilitate bale sampling. D7642Fiberweigh, nan instrument having a capacity for weighinga 51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sens

29、itivity of at least0.2 % of the mass being weighed. D5867fibrogram, nin testing cotton fibers for length, the curverepresenting the second cumulation of the length distributionof the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument inscanning the fiber board. D5867fibrogram, nin cotton length testin

30、g with the Fibrograph, thecurve representing the second cumulation of the lengthdistribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuringinstrument in scanning the fiber board. D1447Fibronaire, nan instrument which determines the micronairereading of raw cotton fibers using the “porous-plug” air flo

31、wtechnique. D5867foreign matter, nin cotton, non-lint material commonlyreferred to as waste or trash such as dust, sand, seed-coatfragments, leaves, and stems normally present in raw andpartially processed cotton. D2812, D5426free water, nthe amount of water in a test specimen that ishydrogen bonded

32、 to other water in cellulose and expressedas a percentage of the mass of the specimen.DISCUSSIONFree water in cellulose freezes. A distinction of boundwater into the freezing and non-freezing kinds is not necessary. BothD7139 0922kinds of bound water, if present, come off the fibers since no residua

33、lwater can be detected. D7785ginned lint, ncotton fibers that have been separated fromtheir seeds by ginning but not subjected to any furtherprocessing after ginning. (See lint cotton.) D2495hooks, nin fiber testing, curved or bent fiber ends caused bythe carding or specimen preparation processes. D

34、5332horseshoe, na length of sliver folded in a manner such thatthe two ends can be fed simultaneously into the needle fieldof the Fibroliner FL-101. D5332IC/TC, nabbreviation for Intelligent Color/TrashCoordinator. D5867IDT, nabbreviation for Intelligent Data Terminal. D5867illumination, nin lightin

35、g, the density or flux of light on aunit area of surface. D1684immature fibers, n(1) (cotton fibers treated with sodiumhydroxide solution)fibers that either (a) have swollen andassumed a spiral form, or (b) remained flat, thinly outlined,and almost transparent. Total wall width is less than thelumen

36、 width.(2) (cotton fibers observed under polarized light)fibersthat appear purple, indigo, or blue, turn orange or yellow-orange upon rotation to the subtractive position, and uponremoval of the selenite plate show parallel extinction.(Compare mature fibers.) D1442invisible waste, nin cotton testing

37、, weight loss due to dust,moisture, loose fibers, etc., carried away by the air streamduring the test. D2812length (for cotton classification), nan industry term forupper half mean length reported in millimeters or inches.D7642length analyzer, nan instrument which determines theupper-half-mean lengt

38、h and length uniformity index of a testbeard of cotton. D5867length group, nall fibers, or pulls, whose lengths fall withina given length interval. D1440length interval, na class interval of18 in. (3 mm), usuallydesignated by its midpoint length in odd-numbered six-teenths of an inch. D1440lint, nin

39、 loose cotton, fibers mostly of spinnable length. (Seealso linters.) D2812lint content, nthat portion of a mass of cotton fiber consist-ing of fiber, including normal moisture content, but exclud-ing foreign matter. D2812lint cotton, nloose cotton fibers in any form, either raw orprocessed, free of

40、seeds and not bound together in yarn orfabric. (See also ginned lint.) D2495linters, nthe short fibrous material adhering to the cottonseed after the spinnable lint has been removed by ginningand which is subsequently recovered from the seed by aprocess called “delinting.” D5867lot, nin acceptance s

41、ampling of cotton, the main stock,supply, or source of fibers to be sampled. D1441lot sample, nin cotton, a relatively large sample taken in thefield to represent a consignment, shipment, or lot, for use inthe preparation of the laboratory samples. D1441lumen, nin vegetable fibers, the central canal

42、 of the fiber.D1442mature fibers, ncotton fibers treated with sodium hydroxidesolutionfibers that have swollen into unconvoluted andalmost rod-like shapes, where total wall width is equal to orgreater than the lumen width. D1442mature fibers, ncotton fibers observed under polarizedlightfibers that a

43、ppear yellow, yellow green, or green andare yellow or light yellow upon rotation to the subtractiveposition (through 90) and show little or no parallel extinc-tion on removal of the selenite plate. (Compare immaturefibers.) D1442maturity index, na relative indication of cotton fiber matu-rity.mean l

44、ength, nin testing of cotton fibers, the average lengthof all the fibers in the test specimen based on mass-lengthdata. D1440,D1447micronaire reading, na relative measurement of fiber fine-ness derived from the porous plug air-flow method. D1442,D1448, D 5867D5867mote, na whole, immature cotton seed

45、. D2496,D 5867D5867non-lint content, nthat portion of a mass of cotton fiberwhich is essentially foreign matter. D2812number of pieces of trash, nin testing cotton with the TrashMeter, a number correlated with the total number of piecesof trash on the surface of the sample of cotton over theviewing

46、window. D5867one-percent length (L1 %N), nin fiber testing, the lengthexceeded by 1 % of the number of fibers in a test specimen.D5332percent area, nin testing cotton with the Trash Meter, theratio of total area of trash on the surface of a sample ofcotton to that of the area of the viewing window,

47、expressedin a percentage of the area of the viewing window. D5867pull, na group of fibers grasped by the forceps at one timeand drawn from the specimen in the combs. D1440ratch-setting by number (L1 % N), nthe basis for settingroll spacing in the drafting zone, namely, the length ex-ceeded by1%ofthe

48、number of fibers in a test specimen.D5332raw cotton, nginned lint that has not been subjected to anytextile manufacturing process. (See also ginned lint.) D2495D7139 0923Rdand +b, nfor the purpose of this test method for color, thedaylight color of opaque cotton specimens represented bypoints in a s

49、pace as described by Hunter in terms of twocolor scales: reflectance, Rd, and the chromaticity coordi-nates for yellowness, + b. D5867reference standard, nin cotton testing, a homogeneous lotof cotton having a known or accepted value for one or morephysical properties. D3025ringer cotton, nbale of saw ginned cotton with establishedvalues referenced to the benchmark cottons for the purposeof assuring consistency in the establishment of calibrationcotton standards between value settings. D7642roller