ASTM D6145-1997(2018) 4375 Standard Guide for Monitoring Sediment in Watersheds.pdf
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1、Designation: D6145 97 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forMonitoring Sediment in Watersheds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSoil erosion and resulting sedimentation is the major cause of nonpoint source pollution thatthreatens water resources. These impacts inclu
3、de: impaired aquatic habitat; destruction of sport andcommercial fisheries and shellfisheries; lost reservoir capacity for flood control, power generation, andstorage of potable water supplies; excessive flooding; impaired navigation; aggradation of irrigationand drainage channels; lost productivity
4、 of lands swamped by deposition and infertile overwash;increased levels of water treatment; lost or declined recreational opportunities; and impaired aestheticvalues. The amount of sediment in a stream can affect channel shape, sinuosity, and the relativebalance between riffles and pools. Excessive
5、sediment in a stream causes a decrease in channelcapacity which in turn results in more frequent and larger out of bank floods. In addition to the adversephysical effects of sediment loads, many nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals are sorbed onto finesediment particles which may result in eutrop
6、hic or toxic waters. Indirect effects of increased sedimentloads may include increased stream temperatures and decreased intergravel dissolved oxygen levels.This guide recommends a process for developing and implementing monitoring projects forsediment in a watershed. It follows Guide D5851 with mor
7、e specifics applicable to watersheds andsediment.These guidelines are presented for use in the nationwide strategy for monitoring developed by theIntergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (ITFM). The nationwide monitoring strategy is an effortto improve the technical aspects of water monitoring to
8、support sound water-quality decision-making.It is needed to integrate monitoring activities more effectively and economically and to achieve abetter return of investments in monitoring projects (1).2This guide is offered as a guide for standardizing methods used in projects to monitor and evaluateac
9、tual and potential nonpoint and point source sediment pollution within a watershed. The guide isapplicable to landscapes and surface water resources, recognizing the need for a comprehensiveunderstanding of naturally occurring and manmade impacts to the entire watershed hydrologic system.1. Scope1.1
10、 PurposeThis guide is intended to provide generalguidance on a watershed monitoring program directed towardsediment. The guide offers a series of general steps withoutsetting forth a specific course of action. It gives advice forestablishing a monitoring program, not an implementationprogram.1.2 Sed
11、imentation as referred to in this guide is thedetachment, entrainment, transportation, and deposition oferoded soil and rock particles. Specific types or parameters ofsediment may include: suspended sediment, bedload, bedmaterial, turbidity, wash load, sediment concentration, totalload, sediment dep
12、osits, particle size distribution, sedimentvolumes and particle chemistry. Monitoring may include notonly sediments suspended in water but sediments deposited infields, floodplains, and channel bottoms.1.3 This guide applies to surface waters as found in streamsand rivers; lakes, ponds, reservoirs,
13、estuaries, and wetlands.1.4 LimitationsThis guide does not establish a standardprocedure to follow in all situations and it does not cover thedetail necessary to define all of the needs of a particularmonitoring objective or project. Other standards and guidesincluded in the reference and standard s
14、ections describe in1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on Quality Systems, Specification,and Statistics.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous e
15、dition approved in 2012 as D6145 97 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D6145-97R18.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international
16、standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1d
17、etail the procedures, equipment, operations, and site selectionfor collecting, measuring, analyzing, and monitoring sedimentand related constituants.1.5 Additional ASTM and U.S. Geological Survey stan-dards applicable to sediment monitoring are listed in AppendixX1 and Appendix X2. Due to the large
18、number of optionalstandards and procedures involved in sediment monitoring,most individual standards are not referenced in this document.Standards and procedures have been grouped in the appendicesaccording to the type of analyses or sampling that would berequired for a specific type of measurement
19、or monitoring.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitation
20、s prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn
21、icalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water Bodies (Withdrawn
22、2013)4D4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Moni-toring Program3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminologies D1129 and D4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
23、This Standard:3.2.1 assess, vto determine the significance, value, andimportance of the data collected and recorded.3.2.2 best management practice (BMP), na practice orcombination of practices that are determined by state orarea-wide planning agencies to be the most effective andpractical means of c
24、ontrolling point and nonpoint pollution.3.2.3 hydrograph, na graphical representation of thedischarge, stage, velocity, available power, or other property ofstream flow at a point with respect to time.3.2.4 measurement, ndetermining the value of a charac-teristic within a representative sample or in
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