ASTM D5233-1992(2009) Standard Test Method for Single Batch Extraction Method for Wastes《废弃物单批量抽取法的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D5233 92 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forSingle Batch Extraction Method for Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5233; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is applicable to the extraction ofsamples of treated or untreated solid wastes or sludges, orsolidified wast

3、e samples, to provide an indication of theleaching potential.1.2 This test method is intended to provide an extract formeasurement of the concentration of the analytes of concern.The measured values may be compared against set or chosenacceptance levels in some applications.1.3 If the sole applicati

4、on of the test method is such apass/fail comparison and a total analysis of the waste demon-strates that individual analytes are not present in the waste, orthat the chosen acceptance concentration levels could notpossibly be exceeded, the test method need not be run.1.4 If the sole application of t

5、he test method is such apass/fail comparison and an analysis of any one of the liquidfractions of the extract indicates that the concentration of thetarget analyte is so high that, even after accounting for dilutionfrom the other fractions of the extract, it would be equal to orabove an acceptance c

6、oncentration level, then the waste failsthe test. In such a case it may not be necessary to analyze theremaining fractions of the extract.1.5 This test method is intended to provide an extractsuitable for the measurement of the concentration of analytesthat will not volatilize under the conditions o

7、f the test method.1.6 Presence of volatile analytes may be established if ananalysis of the extract obtained using this test method detectsthe target volatile analyte. If its concentration is equal to orexceeds an acceptance level for that analyte, the waste fails thetest. However, extract from this

8、 test method shall not be usedto determine the concentration of volatile organic analytes.1.7 This test method is intended to describe only theprocedure for performing a batch extraction. It does notdescribe all of the sampling and analytical requirements thatmay be associated with the application o

9、f this test method.1.8 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are tobe regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th

10、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificprecautionary statement, see Note 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD420 Guide to Site C

11、haracterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Cl

12、osed ConduitsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or ProcessES 16 Practice for the Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used but

13、 not de-fined in this test method, see Terminology D1129.4. Summary of Test Method (See Fig. 1)4.1 For wastes containing less than 0.5 % dry solid material,the filtrate of the waste, after filtration through a 0.6 to 0.8-mglass fiber filter, is defined as the method extract. Extraction ofthe solid i

14、s not required for such wastes.4,54.2 For wastes containing greater than or equal to 0.5 % drysolid material, the liquid, if any, is separated from the solid1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.06

15、 onAnalytical Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004. Last previous editionapproved in 2004 as D52331992 (2004). DOI: 10.1520/D5233-92R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a

16、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04 (see 1991 edition).4Federal Register, Vol 55, No. 61, March 29, 1990. Toxicity C

17、haracteristicsRevisions, Final Rule.5Federal Register, Vol 55, No. 126, June 29, 1990. Toxicity CharacteristicRevisions, Final Rule, Corrections.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.phase and stored for later analysis. The

18、 solid phase is extractedwith an amount of extraction fluid equal to 20 times the weightof the solid phase. The extraction fluid used is a function of thealkalinity of the solid phase of the waste. Following extraction,the liquid extract is separated from the solid phase by filtrationthrough a 0.6 t

19、o 0.8-m glass fiber filter.4.3 If compatible (that is, multiple phases will not formupon combination), the initial liquid phase of the waste isadded to the liquid extract, and these are analyzed together. Ifincompatible, the liquids are analyzed separately and theresults are combined mathematically

20、to yield a volume-weighted average concentration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended to generate an extract witha concentration of the target analyte(s) representative of theexpected release under the scenario simulated, and which canbe compared with concentration levels acceptab

21、le in wastedisposal, treatment, or production activities.5.2 The extraction conditions of the test method werechosen to simulate a potential disposal scenario to which thewastes may be exposed.5.3 One intent of this test method is that the amount of acidin the extraction fluids reflect the acid avai

22、lable from theleachate of a specific landfill where municipal and industrialwastes were co-disposed.65.4 One intent of this test method is to not allow the pH ofthe extraction fluid to be lower than that of the leachate of aspecific landfill where municipal and industrial wastes wereco-disposed. The

23、refore, the pH of the extraction fluid waschosen with the following considerations:(1) Not to be less than 4.93 6 0.05 for the extraction ofwastes with an acid neutralization capacity of less than the acid6Kimmel, T. A., and Friedman, D. A., “Model Assumptions and RationaleBehind the Development of

24、EP III,” ASTM STP 886, J. K. Petros, et al, Eds.,ASTM,Philadelphia, PA, 1986, pp. 3653.FIG. 1 Method Flow ChartD5233 92 (2009)2available in the total volume of extraction fluid used in themethod (Extraction Fluid No. 1).(2) At 2.88 6 0.05, as defined by the pH of the acid, for theextraction of waste

25、s with an acid neutralization capacity ofmore than the acid available in the extraction fluid used in themethod (Extraction Fluid No. 2).5.5 The interpretation and use of the results of this testmethod are limited by the assumptions of a single co-disposalscenario and by the factors affecting the co

26、mposition of alandfill leachate and chemical or other differences between aselected extraction fluid and the real landfill leachate.5.6 This test method may be affected by biological changesin the waste, and it is not designed to isolate or measure theeffect of such processes.5.7 This test method pr

27、oduces extracts that are amenable tothe determination of both minor and major constituents. Whenminor constituents are being determined, it is especiallyimportant that precautions be taken in sample storage andhandling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.5.8 The agitation technique, rate,

28、 liquid-to-solid ratio, andfiltration conditions specified in the method may not be suitablefor extracting all types of wastes.5.9 This test method is intended to extract the samples intheir original physical state as is, without any size reduction.However, the sample/extractor interaction is expect

29、ed to cor-relate with the environmental conditions to which a waste maybe exposed.75.10 The extraction conditions defined by this test methodare expected to yield steady-state concentrations, determinedby the extraction liquid-to-solid ratio and the duration of theextraction, which may or may not ag

30、ree with the concentrationof an equilibrium.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Agitation Apparatus, capable of rotating the extractionvessel in an end-over-end fashion (see Fig. 2), at 30 6 2 r/min,such that the axis of rotation is horizontal and passes throughthe center of the bottle.NOTE 1Similar devic

31、es may be used having a different axle arrange-ment if equivalency can be demonstrated.6.2 Extraction VesselSuitable vessels include cylindri-cally shaped, minimum 2-L size, with capacity sufficient tohold the sample and the extraction fluid. Head-space is allowedin this vessel. The extraction bottl

32、es may be constructed fromvarious plastic materials, depending on the analytes of interestand the nature of the waste. Plastic bottles, other than polytet-rafluoroethylene, shall not be used if organics are to beinvestigated. The bottles should be sturdy, in order to withstandthe impact of the falli

33、ng sample fragments, and shall have aleak-free seal. The use of polytetrafluoroethylene tape isrecommended to ensure a tight seal. Due to their potential forbreakage, the use of glass bottles is not recommended.NOTE 2Suitable bottles range from 4.0 to 4.5 in. (102 to 114 mm) indiameter and from 8.5

34、to 13.0 in. (216 to 330 mm) in height.6.3 Filtration DeviceIt is recommended that all filtrationsbe performed in a hood. Wastes should be filtered usingpositive-pressure filtration using a pre-purified grade inert gassuch as nitrogen.6.3.1 Filter Holder, capable of supporting a glass fiber filterand

35、 able to withstand the pressure needed to accomplishseparation (maximum 50 psi or 345 kPa). These devices shallhave a minimum internal volume of 300 mL and shall beequipped to accommodate a minimum filter size of 47 mm.(Filter holders having an internal capacity of 2.2 L andequipped to accommodate a

36、 142-mm diameter filter are rec-ommended.)6.3.1.1 Materials of ConstructionFiltration devices shallbe made of inert materials that will not leach or adsorb theanalytes of concern. Glass, polytetrafluoroethylene, or type 316stainless steel equipment may be used when both organic andinorganic analytes

37、 are of concern. Devices made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), or polyvi-nylchloride (PVC) may be used when only inorganics are ofconcern.6.4 Filters, made of borosilicate glass fiber, containing nobinder materials, and having an effective pore size of 0.6 to0.8 m. Pre-filter

38、s must not be used. When inorganic analytesare of concern, the filter shall be acid washed prior to use byrinsing with 1 N nitric acid followed by three consecutiverinses with Type II reagent water as defined in SpecificationD1193. (A minimum of 1 L per rinse is recommended.) Glassfiber filters are

39、fragile and should be handled with care.6.5 pH Meter, with a readability of 0.01 unit and anaccuracy of 60.05 unit at 25C.6.6 Laboratory Balance, accurate to within 60.01 g. (Allweight measurements are to be within6 0.1 g.)6.7 Beakers or Erlenmeyer Flasks, glass 500-mL, and 2-L.6.8 Watch-Glass, with

40、 an appropriate diameter to cover thebeaker or Erlenmeyer flask.6.9 Magnetic Stirrer.6.10 Mold, cylindrical, made of inert, non-adsorbing andnon-contaminating material for casting of laboratory samples.6.11 Straightedge, made of stainless steel.6.12 Impermeable Sheet or Glazed Paper.6.13 Volumetric

41、Flask, 1-L size.6.14 Drying OvenAny thermostatically controlled dryingoven capable of maintaining a temperature between 85 and115C within 65C.7Federal Register, Vol 53, No. 100, May 24, 1988. Proposed Cage Modificationof TCLP.FIG. 2 Rotary Agitation ApparatusD5233 92 (2009)36.15 Graduated Pipet, rea

42、dable to 0.1 mL.6.16 Hot Plate, equipped for agitation and temperaturecontrol capable of maintaining a 50 6 3C temperature.6.17 Graduated Measuring Cylinder, with a precision of63%.7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is i

43、ntended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.8Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use w

44、ithout lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterReagent water is defined as water inwhich an interfering analyte is not observed at or above themethod detection limit of the analyte(s) of interest. Type II ofSpecification D1193 or equivalent meets the definition ofreagent water.

45、7.3 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), 1 N, made from ACS reagentgrade.7.4 Nitric Acid (HNO3), 1 N, made from ACS reagentgrade.7.5 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), 1 N, made from ACSreagent grade.7.6 Glacial Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), ACS reagent grade.7.7 Extraction FluidsSeveral batches or multiple volumesof extraction

46、 fluids should be prepared in accordance with thenumber of extractions. The volume needed for an individualextraction is approximately 2 L. The extraction fluids should bemonitored frequently for impurities. The pH should be exam-ined prior to extraction to ensure that these fluids were made upaccur

47、ately. If impurities are found or the pH is not within thespecifications, the fluid shall be discarded and fresh extractionfluid prepared.7.7.1 Extraction Fluid No. 1Add 5.7 mL glacial aceticacid to 500 mL of reagent water, add 64.3 mL of 1 N NaOH,and dilute to a volume of 1 L. When correctly prepar

48、ed, the pHof this fluid will be 4.93 6 0.05.7.7.2 Extraction Fluid No. 2Dilute 5.7 mL glacial aceticacid with reagent water to a volume of 1 L. When correctlyprepared, the pH of this fluid will be 2.88 6 0.05.8. Sampling8.1 If representative samples of the waste must be tested,use ASTM Sampling meth

49、ods developed for the specificindustry where available (see Practices D75, D420, D3370,Terminology D653, and Method D2234/D2234M).8.2 All samples shall be collected using an appropriatesampling plan to ensure sample integrity and representative-ness (see Practice E122).8.3 Where no specific methods are available, samplingmethodology for materials of similar physical form shall beused.8.4 It is important that the sample of the waste be represen-tative with respect to surface area, as variations in surface areawould directly affect the extraction characteristics o