ASTM D4943-2002 Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method《用蜂蜡法对土壤收缩系数的标准试验方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 4943 02Standard Test Method forShrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONGiven the concern that mercury is a hazardous substance, this test method is offered as an alternativeto Test Method D 427, which is used
3、 to determine the shrinkage limit and other shrinkage factors ofsoils using mercury (see Caution statement in Test Method D 427). Since this test method has beenperformed by only a few organizations to date, others are encouraged to perform both test methods andto report their findings to Subcommitt
4、ee D18.03. (See Appendix X1 for a rationale of this test method.)1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe shrinkage limit of soils.1.2 The data obtained using this test method may also beused to calculate shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage, andlinear shrinkage.1.3 Th
5、is test method is applicable only for cohesive soils.1.4 Since this test method is performed only on that portionof a soil which passes the No. 40 (425-m) sieve, the relativeconsistency of this portion of the soil to the properties of thesample as a whole must be considered when using theseprocedure
6、s to evaluate the properties of a soil.1.5 The shrinkage limit along with the liquid limit andplastic limit of soils are often collectively referred to as theAtterberg limits in recognition of their formation by Swedishsoil scientist, A. Atterberg. These limits distinguish the bound-aries of the sev
7、eral consistency states of cohesive soils.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
8、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safetyhazards, see Section 7, Note 2, and Note X1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision a
9、nd Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials2C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting Size2D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates3D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Construction Purposes4D 427 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soil
10、 by theMercury Method4D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids4D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils4D 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using SaturatedSurface-Dry Specimens3D 3740 Practice for Agencies Engaged in th
11、e Testing and/orInspection of Soil and Rock as Used Ingineering Designand Construction4D 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of Soils4D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andRelated Construction M
12、aterials4E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers5E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with Ter-minology D 653.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct r
13、esponsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originallypublished as D 4943 89. Last previous edition D 4943 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards
14、, Vol 04.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
15、959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The moisture content of a pat of wet soil is determined.Then the moisture-content loss to dry the soil to a constantvolume is determined and subtracted from the initial moisturecontent to calculate the shrinkage limit. The volume of the drysoil pat is
16、determined from its mass in air and its indicatedmass when submerged in water. A coating of wax is used toprevent water absorption by the dry soil pat.5. Significance and Use5.1 The term shrinkage limit, expressed as a moisturecontent in percent, represents the amount of water required justto fill a
17、ll of the voids of a given cohesive soil at its minimumvoid ratio obtained by ovendrying. The shrinkage limit can beused to evaluate the shrinkage potential, crack developmentpotential, and swell potential of earthwork involving cohesivesoils.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard
18、 isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of thisstandard are cau
19、tioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance or ScaleA balance or scale having a mini-mum capacity of 500 g and meeting the r
20、equirements ofSpecification D 4753 for a balance of 0.01-g readability. Thebalance or scale shall be equipped with suitable apparatus forsuspending the soil specimen in water from the center of theplatform or pan.6.2 Dish, ShrinkageA circular porcelain or monel metalmilk dish having a flat bottom ab
21、out 40 to 45 mm in diameterand about 12 to 15 mm deep.6.3 Drying OvenAn oven, thermostatically controlled,preferably of the forced draft type, and capable of maintaininga uniform temperature of 110 6 5C throughout the dryingchamber.6.4 Mortar and PestleMortar, iron or porcelain, about 125to 150-mm d
22、iameter with rubber tipped pestle.6.5 SpatulaA spatula or pill knife having a blade about100 mm long by about 20 mm wide.6.6 StraightedgeA stiff metal straightedge of convenientlength. The scraping edge must be beveled if it is thicker than3 mm.6.7 SieveU.S.A. Standard series No. 40 (425-m) sievecon
23、forming to the requirements of Specification E 11.6.8 Microcrystalline WaxSufficient quantity to cover thesoil pat.6.9 Sewing ThreadFine thread to hold the specimen to dipinto the wax.6.10 Water, Distilled.6.11 Water BathOf sufficient size to allow the soil pat tobe submerged when determining mass i
24、n water.6.12 Wax WarmerSufficient temperature control to avoidoverheating.6.13 Thermometer (optional)A thermometer, 0 to 50Crange, 0.5 gradations, conforming to the requirements ofSpecification E 1.6.14 Glass or Clear Plastic Plate, used for calibrating theshrinkage dish, about 80 by 80 mm, about 5
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