ASTM D4843-1988(2009) Standard Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes《固体废弃物的浸湿和烘干的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4843 88 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forWetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4843; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi

2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for determiningmaterial losses produced by repeated wetting and drying ofsolid waste specime

3、ns. It also covers the visual observation ofthe disintegration of solid specimens.1.2 This test method intends that the material used in theprocedure be physically, chemically, and biologically represen-tative; hence it does not address problems as a result of theinhomogeneity of specimens.1.3 The v

4、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate

5、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Mo

6、isture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended for the evaluation of thewetting and drying resistance of monolithic, solid, solidified/stabilized wastes under the testing conditions of this testmethod.3.2 This test method may be used for the compariso

7、n ofwetting and drying resistance of wastes.3.3 Data tabulated in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 may beused to observe irregularities caused by inhomogeneity ofspecimens and/or comparison of mass loss-cycle relations ofdifferent wastes, as well as to measure method-related masslosses such as matrix d

8、issolution.4. Apparatus4.1 Disposable Molds, 44 mm inside diameter by 74 mm inlength.4.2 Balance or Scale, with a capacity at least 50 % greaterthan the mass of the specimen and beaker, and a sensitivity of0.01 g.4.3 Drying Oven, a thermostatically controlled drying ovencapable of maintaining a temp

9、erature of 60 6 2C; to be usedfor drying moisture specimen and for the solids contentdetermination.4.4 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 63C; at a nitrogen purge rate specified in 4.5.4.5 Flow Controller, to set nitrogen purge flow at a rate thatwill give 30 6 5 min residence time.4.6

10、 Moisture Chamber, a suitably covered container capableof maintaining a temperature of 20 6 3C and minimum 95 %relative humidity, for preconditioning specimens.4.7 Beakers, 400-mLsize (narrow type), to store sample andto collect particulates.4.8 Tongs, to handle samples.5. Sample Preparation5.1 Spec

11、imen Size44 mm diameter by 74 mm in length.5.1.1 Specimens may be cut to size from larger samples.5.1.2 Specimens can also be molded in disposable plasticmolds. When molding specimens refer to Practice C305 (see2.1).NOTE 1Practice C305 refers to pastes and mortars. Molding materialswith different co

12、nsistency may require modifications and may result indifferent precision.5.2 Condition samples that are not molded for this test in themoisture chamber for a period of seven days.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of

13、Subcommittee D34.01.06 onAnalytical Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4843 88 (2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4843-88R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact

14、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2.1 Samples molded for

15、this test have to be cured in themoisture chamber for a period of 28 days.6. Procedure6.1 Select one specimen for moisture content determination.6.2 Determine moisture content of sample with Test MethodD2216 but revised to use a temperature of 60 6 3C (seesection 2.2).6.3 Select three specimens for

16、testing and three for controland mark them respectively.6.4 Weigh specimens (accuracy to 0.01 g).6.5 Place each specimen into a beaker of known tare mass(accuracy to 0.01 g) and cover it.6.5.1 Use watch glass or plastic wrap.6.5.2 The tare mass of beaker shall be determined afterdrying in accordance

17、 with Test Method D2216.6.6 Place the three beakers containing the testing specimensin an oven. Maintain the temperature at 60 6 3C for 24 hwhile purging the oven with nitrogen gas at the controlled flowrate corresponding to 30 6 5 min residence time.6.6.1 In order to remove moisture from the nitrog

18、en stream,a water-cooled condenser and condensate collection flask maybe used downstream from the oven.6.7 Store the three beakers with the control specimens in themoisture chamber at 20C for 24 h.D4843 88 (2009)26.8 Remove the specimens from the vacuum oven and themoisture chamber. Allow 1 h for th

19、e sample to cool to roomtemperature. Add 230 mL distilled water to the beaker to fullycover the specimens.6.8.1 Add laboratory temperature water 20 6 3C.6.9 Place a watch glass or plastic wrap on the beakers andstore the water covered specimens at 20 6 3C for 23 h; thentransfer them to new beakers p

20、repared according to 6.5.6.9.1 Use tongs to transfer specimens. Excessive tong pres-sure may result in premature failure or damage specimen.6.10 Remove any loosely attached particulates by sprayingdistilled water from a wash bottle to the surface of specimen(10 to 20 mL distilled water). Let the wat

21、er drain into thebeaker of origin.6.11 Conduct visual observation on the specimens physicaldeterioration including: cracking, fracturing, integrity, andsurface roughness.6.12 Determine the specimens mass loss; solid content inbeakers by evaporating water at 60 6 3C in drying oven.6.13 Correct the av

22、erage relative mass loss of samples usingthe average relative mass loss of control specimens.6.14 Repeat the procedures in 6.5 through 6.10 elevenadditional times, for a total of 12 cycles.6.15 Terminate experiment of all specimens if the correctedcumulative mass loss of any of the specimens exceeds

23、 30 %(failure), and note the number of cycles survived.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the dry mass of the specimens as follows:Ms5S1 2w100 %DMsw(1)where:Ms= oven dry mass of specimen, gMsw= initial mass of specimen, g, andw = moisture content, %.It is assumed that the moisture contents of specimens are

24、identical. Oven dry masses of sample and control specimensare calculated on that basis.7.2 Calculate corrected mass loss of specimens after eachcycle. Express mass loss in percent of initial calculatedoven-dry mass. Calculate average cumulated corrected massloss of specimens after each cycle.Wi,s,j5

25、 Ti,s,j2 Bi,s,j(2)where:Wi,s,j= mass loss of sample j during cycle i,g,Ti,s,j= oven-dry mass of beaker and residue of sample jafter cycle i,g,andBi,s,j= oven-dry mass of beaker for sample j beforecycle i,g.Wi,c,j5 Ti,c,j2 Bi,c,j(3)where:Wi,c,j= mass loss of control j during cycle i,g,Ti,c,j= oven-dr

26、y mass of beaker and residue of control jafter cycle i,g,andBi,c,j= oven-dry mass of beaker for control j before cyclei,g.Ri,s,j5Wi,s,jMs,j(4)where:Ri,s,j= relative mass loss of sample j during cycle i,%,Wi,s,j= mass loss of sample j during cycle i,g,andMs,j= oven-dry mass of specimen j,g.Ri,c,j5Wi,

27、c,jMc,j(5)where:Ri,c,j= relative mass loss of control j during cycle i,%,Wi,c,j= mass loss of control j during cycle i,g,andMc,j= oven-dry mass of control j,g.Ri,s5(j 5 123Ri,s,j3(6)where:Ri,s= average relative mass loss of samples (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,s,j= relative mass loss of sample j du

28、ring cycle i,%.Ri,c5(j 5 123Ri,c,j3(7)where:Ri,c= average relative mass loss of control (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,c,j= relative mass loss of control j during cycle i,%.Ci5 Ri,s2 Ri,c(8)D4843 88 (2009)3where:Ci= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%,Ri,s= average

29、relative mass loss of samples (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,c= average relative mass loss of control (j =13)during cycle i,%.Si5(i 5 12iCi(9)where:Si= average cumulated, corrected relative mass loss ofsamples after i cycles, %, andCi= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycl

30、e i,%.S5 ( CiI 5 1212(10)where:S= average cumulated, corrected relative mass loss ofsamples after 12 cycles, %, andCi= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%.8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Moisture content of specimens.8.1.2 Average cumulative, co

31、rrected relative mass loss after12 cycles. ( S)8.1.3 Number of cycles survived if the specimens did notsurvive 12 cycles of testing.8.1.4 Results of visual observation after each cycle (physi-cal deterioration).9. Precision and Bias39.1 The precision of this test method, in terms of standarddeviatio

32、n, was determined in an interlaboratory experimentinvolving five laboratories, two types of samples and respec-tive controls. Duplicates of samples and controls were mea-sured in each laboratory.9.2 The precision of this test method can be expressed asfollows:Sample Code Mean ( X) Standard Deviation

33、(s)LFPCFP0.0240.1120.0380.1389.3 The precision of this test method may be dependent onthe level of the properties measured.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expr

34、essly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revise

35、d, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may

36、attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United State

37、s. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request D34-1004.D4843 88 (2009)4