ASTM D4751-2004 Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile《测定土工织物外表露缝尺寸的标准试验方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 4751 04Standard Test Method forDetermining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4751; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination the appar
3、entopening size (AOS) of a geotextile by sieving glass beadsthrough a geotextile.1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI units andinch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name forthe system of metric units known as the International System ofUnits. Inch-pound units is the techn
4、ically correct name for thecustomary units used in the United States. The values ininch-pound units are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to esta
5、blish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning T
6、extiles for TestingD 4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of TextilesD 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 4439 Terminology for GeotextilesE11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent opening size (AOS), O95,
7、nfor a geotex-tile, a property that indicates the approximate largest particlethat would effectively pass through the geotextile.3.1.2 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair main-tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and atemperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).3.1.3 DiscussionThe laboratory
8、 conditions are very im-portant to the AOS test. For example, excessive humidity(above 70 %) can cause beads to stick together; while too lowa relative humidity (below 50 %) can result in an increase instatic electricity.3.1.4 geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methodsand engineering princi
9、ples to the acquisition, interpretation,and use of knowledge of materials of the earths crust to thesolution of engineering problems.3.1.5 DiscussionGeotechnics embraces the fields of soilmechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineeringaspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci
10、-ences.3.1.6 geotextile, nany permeable textile material usedwith foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnicalengineering related material as an integral part of a man-madeproject, structure, or system.3.1.7 For the definitions of the other terms relating togeotextiles, refer to Terminol
11、ogy D 4439.3.2 For the definitions of the other terms relating to textiles,refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A geotextile specimen is placed in a sieve frame, andsized glass beads are placed on the geotextile surface. Thegeotextile and frame are shaken laterally so that the jar
12、ringmotion will induce the beads to pass through the test specimen.The procedure is repeated on the same specimen with varioussize glass beads until its apparent opening size has beendetermined.5. Significance and Use5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particlesnecessitates compatibili
13、ty between it and the adjacent soil. Thistest method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in ageotextile, which reflects the approximate largest openingdimension available for soil to pass through.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the d
14、irect responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous version approved in 2004 as D 4751 99a(2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orc
15、ontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 Test Method D 4
16、751 for the determination of openingsize of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercialshipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, be-tween laboratories, are being established.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D 4
17、751 foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competentstatistical assistance is recommended for the investigation ofbias. As a minimum, the two parties should t
18、ake a group of testspecimens that are homogeneous as possible and that are froma lot of material of the type in question. The test specimensshould then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students
19、t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus6.1
20、 Mechanical Sieve ShakerA mechanical sieve shaker,which imparts lateral and vertical motion to the sieve, causingthe particles thereon to bounce and turn so as to presentdifferent orientations to the sieving surface, should be used.The sieve shaker should be a constant frequency deviceutilizing a ta
21、pping arm to impart the proper motion to the glassbeads.3NOTE 1Care should be given to the cork or rubber contact point onshakers when the vertical motion comes from an arm striking the cork orrubber. Excessive wear on the cork or rubber could affect the motionimparted to the glass beads and, theref
22、ore, the test result.6.2 Pan, Cover, and 200-mm (8-in.) Diameter Sieves.6.3 Spherical Glass Beads,4in size fractions in accordancewith Table 1. It is only necessary to have on hand the bead sizefractions necessary for the range of geotextiles for whichtesting is anticipated. The sizing of all beads
23、shall be verifiedprior to each use by sieving on the pairs of sieves shown inTable 1. Prepare at least 50 g of each size fraction to be usedprior to beginning the test. Bead sizes to be used in this testmethod are shown in Table 1.6.4 Balance, having a capacity adequate for the mass ofsamples antici
24、pated and accurate to 60.05 g.6.5 Static Elimination, to prevent the accumulation of staticelectricity when the beads are shaken on the surface ofgeotextile.5Commercially available devices or anti-staticsprays are acceptable.6.6 Pan, for collecting sieved beads.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleFor routine q
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