ASTM D4175-2009ae1 Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Petroleum Products and Lubricants《与石油 石油产品和润滑剂相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4175 09a1Standard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi

2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETerms were transferred editorially in August 2010.1. Sc

3、ope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions specific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum,

4、 petroleum products, lubricants, and certain productsfrom biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,and lubricants can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two

5、places: (1) in thestandards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under th

6、e jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D6812abrasion, nwear by displacement of material caused by hardparticles or hard protuberances. D02.B0 D4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protu

7、ber-ances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D5182absolute filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D4174absorba

8、nce, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasb

9、een affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentrati

10、on and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unaccep

11、table quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value. D02.94D3244accepted refere

12、nce value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute o

13、f Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.01 D6890, D02.94 D6299,D6792, E11 E456, E177DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to

14、the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699, D27001This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Pro

15、ducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D417509. DOI:10.1520/D4175-09A.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at th

16、e end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under repro

17、ducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the

18、National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D909accepted reference value (ARV), na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, or (2) an assigned or

19、certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or international organi-zation, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group.DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is u

20、nderstood to apply to the cetane number of specific referencematerials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions bythe National Exchange Group or another recognized exchange testingorganization. D02.01 D613, D2699, D2700, D2885accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test result

21、and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6299,D7372acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specif

22、ied solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter rea

23、ding inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergra

24、m of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong aci

25、d number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acid number, nthe quantity of base,

26、expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D02.06D974, D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D9

27、74DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison

28、method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample dissolved in a specified solvent to aspecified en

29、d point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339acid number, nquantity of base, expressed in milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is required totitrat

30、e a sample in a specific solvent to a specific end point.DISCUSSIONin this test method, the solvent is a toluene-water-isopropanol mixture and the end point is determined when a green/green brown color is obtained using the specified p-naphtholbenzeinindicator solution. D02.06 D3242acid number, nthe

31、 quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrat

32、e a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSION

33、This test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous

34、 acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of

35、this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found.acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, ndirection in a

36、 body withpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater

37、 treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effects on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activation energy

38、 is calculated from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Z exp 2Ea/RT! (1)where:OR = oxidation rate,D4175 09a12R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calculatedfrom linearized f

39、orm of Arrhenius equation, that is, from theslope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10OR! 5 log10Z Ea/ 2.303 RT! (2)Activation energy is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same

40、units as theoxidation rates, namely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated fromarea-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for Zwcalculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw).D02.F0 D7542acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effe

41、cts innon-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organism

42、s or populations in a shortperiod, usually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a shor

43、t period, usually not constituting a substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituti

44、ng a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D5862,D02.95 D4175adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purineand three phosphate

45、 groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells. D02.14D7463adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecules of phosphate (one pyrophos-phate molecule) from ATP. D02.14 D7463adherent insolubles (formerly adherent gum), nmaterialthat

46、is produced in the course of stressing distillate fuelunder the conditions of this test and which adheres to theglassware after fuel has been flushed from the system.D02.14 D7462adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer be

47、tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in r

48、eflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D2892adjustmentthe operation of bringing the instrument to astate o

49、f performance suitable for its use, by setting oradjusting the density meter constants.DISCUSSIONOn certain newer, commercially available digital den-sity analyzer instruments, an adjustment may be made rather thancalibrating the instrument. The adjustment procedure uses air andredistilled, freshly boiled and cooled water as standards to establish thelinearity of measurements over a range of operating temperatures.D02.04 D4052aerobe, nan organism th