ASTM D4175-2009a Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Petroleum Products and Lubricants《与石油、石油产品和润滑剂相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4175 09aStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation

3、 ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions specific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain productsfro

4、m biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,and lubricants can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in which they appear and (2)

5、 in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviation

6、s, acronyms and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D6812abrasion, nwear by displacement of material caused by hardparticles or hard protuberances. D02.B0 D4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced against and moving along a solid surfac

7、e.D02.L0 D5182absolute filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D4174absorbance, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdeter

8、mines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption

9、losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the a

10、bsorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the sp

11、ecification limit. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value. D02.94D3244accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon referen

12、ce for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus val

13、ue, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.01 D6890, D02.94 D6299,D6792, E11 E456, E177DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference material

14、s determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699, D2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencemateri

15、als determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D71701This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1,

16、2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D417509. DOI:10.1520/D4175-09A.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, U

17、nited States.DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange te

18、sting organization. D02.01 D909accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6299,D7372acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as mi

19、lligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene

20、 and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides addition

21、al information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-d

22、efined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentia

23、te andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D02.06D974, D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeint

24、itrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce

25、 an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sam

26、ple, that is requiredto titrate a sample dissolved in a specified solvent to aspecified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339acid number, nquantity of base,

27、expressed in milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is required totitrate a sample in a specific solvent to a specific end point.DISCUSSIONin this test method, the solvent is a toluene-water-isopropanol mixture and the end point is determined when a green/green brown color is obtai

28、ned using the specified p-naphtholbenzeinindicator solution. D02.06 D3242acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity

29、 of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic bu

30、ffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading

31、 in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes

32、and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found.acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color wh

33、en methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, nthe direction in a body withpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistin

34、gmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature

35、 effects on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activation energy is calculated from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Z exp 2Ea/RT! (1)where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential fact

36、or.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calculatedfrom linearized form of Arrhenius equation, that is, from theslope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10OR! 5 log10Z Ea/ 2.303 RT! (2)Activation energ

37、y is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same units as theoxidation rates, namely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated fromarea-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for Zwcalculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw).D02.F0 D7542acute ecotoxicity, nthe propen

38、sity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifeD4175 09a2span of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test mat

39、erial toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod, usually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation o

40、f organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constituting a substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todiff

41、erent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0

42、 D5862,D02.95 D4175adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purineand three phosphate groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells. D02.14D7463adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecules of phosphate (one pyrophos-phat

43、e molecule) from ATP. D02.14 D7463adherent insolubles (formerly adherent gum), nmaterialthat is produced in the course of stressing distillate fuelunder the conditions of this test and which adheres to theglassware after fuel has been flushed from the system.D02.14 D7462adhesive wear (scuffing), nwe

44、ar due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling

45、a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an

46、 overheatedmantle. D02.08 D2892adjustmentthe operation of bringing the instrument to astate of performance suitable for its use, by setting oradjusting the density meter constants.DISCUSSIONOn certain newer, commercially available digital den-sity analyzer instruments, an adjustment may be made rath

47、er thancalibrating the instrument. The adjustment procedure uses air andredistilled, freshly boiled and cooled water as standards to establish thelinearity of measurements over a range of operating temperatures.D02.04 D4052aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bolically active.DIS

48、CUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (

49、2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D02.N0D6006, D6046AETabbreviation for atmospheric equivalent temperature.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, a composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and hardness are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decr