ASTM D3648-2004 Standard Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity《放射性测量的标准实施规范》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 3648 04Standard Practices for theMeasurement of Radioactivity1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices cover a review of the accepted countingpractices currently used in radiochemical analyses. The prac-tices are divided into four section
3、s:SectionGeneral Information 6 to 11Alpha Counting 12 to 22Beta Counting 23 to 33Gamma Counting 34 to 411.2 The general information sections contain informationapplicable to all types of radioactive measurements, while eachof the other sections is specific for a particular type ofradiation.1.3 This
4、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
5、.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1066 Practice for Sampling SteamD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1943 Test Method for Alpha Particle Radioactivity ofWaterD 2459 Test Method for Gamma Spectrometry of Water3D 3084 Practice for Alpha Spectrometry of WaterD 3085 Practice for Measurement of Low-Level Activity
6、inWater3D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-duitsD 3649 Test Method for High-Resolution Gamma-RaySpectrometry of WaterE 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)2.2 ANSI/ISO Standards:4ANSI N42.14 Calibration and Use of Germanium Spe
7、c-trometers for the Measurement of Gamma-Ray EmissionRates of RadionuclidesISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measure-ment, 19933. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these practices, referto Terminology D 1129. For an explanation of the metricsystem, includi
8、ng units, symbols, and conversion factors, seePractice E 380.4. Summary of Practices4.1 The practices are a compilation of the various countingtechniques employed in the measurement of radioactivity. Theimportant variables that affect the accuracy or precision ofcounting data are presented. Because
9、a wide variety of instru-ments and techniques are available for radiochemical labora-tories, the types of instruments and techniques to be selectedwill be determined by the information desired. In a simpletracer application using a single radioactive isotope havingfavorable properties of high purity
10、, energy, and ample activity,a simple detector will probably be sufficient and techniquesmay offer no problems other than those related to reproduc-ibility. The other extreme would be a laboratory requiringquantitative identification of a variety of radionuclides, prepa-ration of standards, or studi
11、es of the characteristic radiationfrom radionuclides. For the latter, a variety of specializedinstruments are required. Most radiochemical laboratoriesrequire a level of information between these two extremes.4.2 A basic requirement for accurate measurements is theuse of accurate standards for instr
12、ument calibration. With thepresent availability of good standards, only the highly diverseradiochemistry laboratories require instrumentation suitable1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand are the direct responsibility of D19.04 on Methods of Radiochemical Anal
13、ysis.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 3648 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
14、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
15、9, United States.for producing their own radioactive standards. However, it isadvisable to compare each new standard received against theprevious standard.4.3 Thus, the typical laboratory may be equipped withproportional or Geiger-Mueller counters for beta counting,sodium iodide or germanium detecto
16、rs, or both, in conjunctionwith multichannel analyzers for gamma spectrometry, andscintillation counters suitable for alpha- or beta-emitting radio-nuclides.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice was developed for the purpose of summa-rizing the various generic radiometric techniques, equipment,an
17、d practices that are used for the measurement of radioactiv-ity.GENERAL INFORMATION6. Experimental Design6.1 In order to properly design valid experimental proce-dures, careful consideration must be given to the following;6.1.1 radionuclide to be determined,6.1.2 relative activity levels of interfer
18、ences,6.1.3 type and energy of the radiation,6.1.4 original sample matrix, and6.1.5 required accuracy.6.2 Having considered 6.1.1-6.1.5, it is now possible tomake the following decisions:6.2.1 chemical or physical form that the sample must be infor radioassay,6.2.2 chemical purification steps,6.2.3
19、type of detector required,6.2.4 energy spectrometry, if required,6.2.5 length of time the sample must be counted in order toobtain statistically valid data,6.2.6 isotopic composition, if it must be determined, and6.2.7 size of sample required.6.3 For example, gamma-ray measurements can usually beper
20、formed with little or no sample preparation, whereas bothalpha and beta counting will almost always require chemicalprocessing. If low levels of radiation are to be determined, verylarge samples and complex counting equipment may be nec-essary.6.3.1 More detailed discussions of the problems and inte
21、r-ferences are included in the sections for each particular type ofradiation to be measured.7. Apparatus7.1 Location Requirements:7.1.1 The apparatus required for the measurement of radio-activity consists, in general, of the detector and associatedelectronic equipment. The latter usually includes a
22、 stablepower supply, preamplifiers, a device to store or display theelectrical pulses generated by the detector, or both, and one ormore devices to record information.7.1.2 Some detectors and high-gain amplifiers are tempera-ture sensitive; therefore, changes in pulse amplitude can occuras room temp
23、erature varies. For this reason, it is necessary toprovide temperature-controlled air conditioning in the countingroom.7.1.3 Instrumentation should never be located in a chemicallaboratory where corrosive vapors will cause rapid deteriora-tion and failure.7.2 Instrument Electrical Power SupplyDetect
24、or andelectronic responses are a function of the applied voltage;therefore, it is essential that only a very stable, low-noiseelectrical supply be used or that suitable stabilization beincluded in the system.7.3 Shielding:7.3.1 The purpose of shielding is to reduce the backgroundcount rate of a meas
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