ASTM D3053-2018 Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black.pdf

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1、Designation: D3053 18Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat

2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or adequat

3、ely defined inother readily available sources are not included.1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendati

4、ons issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD151

5、1 Test Method for Carbon BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour Den-sityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classification Syste

6、m for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D2663 Test Methods for Carbon

7、BlackDispersion in Rub-berD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD5230 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutom

8、ated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and ExternalSurface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible CarbonBlack Fugitive Emissions or Other EnvironmentalParticulate, or BothD7854 Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at MeanPr

9、essure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily composedof elemental carbon, ob

10、tained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofspheroidal primary particles which exhibit uniformity ofprimary particle sizes within a given aggregate3and tur-bostratic layering within the primary parti

11、cles.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphologicalfeatures: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglom-erates. While the fundamental building block of carbon black is theprimary particle, they almost never exist in isolation, but are stronglyfused by covalent bonds

12、 into aggregates.3The primary particles are1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapprov

13、ed in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D3053 17a. DOI:10.1520/D3053-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary

14、 page onthe ASTM website.3The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon blackis thermal black, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primaryparticle sizes within an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive

15、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issu

16、ed by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primaryparticle no longer exists, they are no longer discrete and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggre-gates join togethe

17、r by van der Waals forces to form agglomerates.Agglomerates do not break down into smaller components unlessadequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Primary particleand aggregate sizes are distributional properties and vary depending onthe carbon black grade. Transmission electron micro

18、graphs shown inAnnex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate that while primary particleand aggregate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black,the primary particle size is essentially uniform within an individualaggregate.3carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbonblack having an

19、 average nitrogen surface area in the range of21 to 69 m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first character and a seco

20、nd character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D1765. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced bythe decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercontrolled cond

21、itions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforceme

22、nt.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of

23、 reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of r

24、einforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of thecarbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, orboth, with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-facturing proc

25、ess and users center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhyd

26、rocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furn

27、ace carbon blackhaving an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g orgreater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” first charact

28、er and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Classification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon black properties that are not specifically targeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted properties.DISCU

29、SSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. These are consensus values based upon the range in valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades but they ar

30、e not the set-point targets forthe process and may be expected to differ significantly betweenproducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass ofextensively coalesced

31、particles; it is the smallest dispersibleunit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbonatoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregate only byfra

32、cturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of thediameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitate

33、handling and processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used.

34、 See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity anddeviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised to thefourt

35、h power, divided by the sum of the individual particlediameters, raised to the third power.D3053 182carbon char, nthe unprocessed material obtained after apyrolysis process of scrapped rubber goods or the unpro-cessed material produced from pyrolysis of biomaterials.DISCUSSIONDue to its lack of post

36、 processing, carbon char may stillcontain wire and fabric, and is typically not pelletized. This materialhas little or no reinforcing properties if introduced into a rubbercompound. The material has been used as a low cost carbon fuel orapplications that require low cost, non-reinforcing pressed oil

37、 absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabsorption number of compressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon black) into a com-pound. See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.fines, nthat portion

38、 of pelleted carbon black that passesthrough a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black isheated at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.indi

39、vidual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fractureor crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodineadsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon bla

40、ck that is essentially uniform incomposition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance withPractice D1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that can be assessed with th

41、e aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to a light microscope,profilometer, or interferometric microscope, generally on ascale of less than 100 m but greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets to pack together and t

42、o influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture content, nthe percentage, by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree

43、of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to an electron microscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nanomaterial, nmaterial with any

44、external dimension in thenanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure inthe nanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.4The primary particles are concep-t

45、ual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down

46、into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.4Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon blac

47、k isconsidered a nanostructured material (material having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all three external dimen-sions in the nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of

48、spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.4The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. T

49、he aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.4Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (material having inte