ASTM D3039 D3039M-2000(2006) Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials.pdf

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1、Designation: D 3039/D 3039M 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3039/D 3039M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case

2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test

3、method determines the in-plane tensile prop-erties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced byhigh-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limitedto continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced compos-ites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric withrespect to the test

4、 direction.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Comb

5、ining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete

6、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced

7、ResinsD 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-ticsD 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD 3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture AbsorptionProperties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-trix Composite Material

8、sE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ingE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estima

9、te,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or ProcessE 132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Tempera-tureE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics ofMetallic Bonded Resistance S

10、train GagesE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Speci-men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive AxialForce ApplicationE 1237 Guide for

11、Installing Bonded Resistance StrainGages3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D 3878 defines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their composites. TerminologyD 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6defines terms relating to mechanical testing. TerminologyE 456 and Practice E

12、177 define terms relating to statistics. Inthe event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878shall have precedence over the other standards.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:NOTEIf the term represents a physical quantity, itsanalytical dimensions are stated immediately follow

13、ing theterm (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form, usingthe following ASTM standard symbology for fundamentaldimensions, shown within square brackets: M for mass, L1This test method is under the jurisidiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of

14、Subcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 3039 00e2.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi

15、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.for length, T for time, Q for thermodynamic t

16、emperature,and nd for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbolsis restricted to analytical dimensions when used with squarebrackets, as the symbols may have other definitions when usedwithout the brackets.3.2.1 nominal value, na value, existing in name only,assigned to a measurable property fo

17、r the purpose of conve-nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominalvalue to define an acceptable range for the property.3.2.2 transition region, na strain region of a stress-strainor strain-strain curve over which a significant change in theslope of the curve occurs within a small strai

18、n range.3.2.3 transition strain, etransitionnd, nthe strain value atthe mid range of the transition region between the twoessentially linear portions of a bilinear stress-strain or strain-strain curve.3.2.3.1 DiscussionMany filamentary composite materialsshow essentially bilinear behavior during loa

19、ding, such as seenin plots of either longitudinal stress versus longitudinal strainor transverse strain versus long longitudinal strain. There arevarying physical reasons for the existence of a transitionregion. Common examples include: matrix cracking undertensile loading and ply delamination.3.3 S

20、ymbols:3.3.1 Aminimum cross-sectional area of a coupon.3.3.2 Bypercent bending for a uniaxial coupon of rectan-gular cross section about y axis of the specimen (about thenarrow direction).3.3.3 Bzpercent bending for a uniaxial coupon of rectan-gular cross section about z axis of the specimen (about

21、the widedirection).3.3.4 CVcoefficient of variation statistic of a samplepopulation for a given property (in percent).3.3.5 Emodulus of elasticity in the test direction.3.3.6 Ftuultimate tensile strength in the test direction.3.3.7 Fsuultimate shear strength in the test direction.3.3.8 hcoupon thick

22、ness.3.3.9 Lgextensometer gage length.3.3.10 Lminminimum required bonded tab length.3.3.11 nnumber of coupons per sample population.3.3.12 Pload carried by test coupon.3.3.13 Pfload carried by test coupon at failure.3.3.14 Pmaxmaximum load carried by test coupon beforefailure.3.3.15 sn1standard devi

23、ation statistic of a sample popu-lation for a given property.3.3.16 wcoupon width.3.3.17 xitest result for an individual coupon from thesample population for a given property.3.3.18 xmean or average (estimate of mean) of a samplepopulation for a given property.3.3.19 dextensional displacement.3.3.20

24、 egeneral symbol for strain, whether normal strainor shear strain.3.3.21 eindicated normal strain from strain transducer orextensometer.3.3.22 snormal stress.3.3.23 nPoissons ratio.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Athin flat strip of material having a constant rectangularcross section is mounted in the

25、grips of a mechanical testingmachine and monotonically loaded in tension while recordingload. The ultimate strength of the material can be determinedfrom the maximum load carried before failure. If the couponstrain is monitored with strain or displacement transducers thenthe stress-strain response o

26、f the material can be determined,from which the ultimate tensile strain, tensile modulus ofelasticity, Poissons ratio, and transition strain can be derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile propertydata for material specifications, research and development,qu

27、ality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factorsthat influence the tensile response and should therefore bereported include the following: material, methods of materialpreparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimenpreparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing,s

28、pecimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time attemperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained fromthis test method include the following:5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,5.1.3 Tensile chord m

29、odulus of elasticity,5.1.4 Poissons ratio, and5.1.5 Transition strain.6. Interferences6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor materialfabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, anddamage induced by improper coupon machining are knowncauses of high material data scatter in composite

30、s.6.2 GrippingA high percentage of grip-induced failures,especially when combined with high material data scatter, is anindicator of specimen gripping problems. Specimen grippingmethods are discussed further in 7.2.4, 8.2, and 11.5.6.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending will cause pre-mature failure,

31、 as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occuras a result of misaligned grips or from specimens themselves ifimproperly installed in the grips or out-of-tolerance caused bypoor specime

32、n preparation. If there is any doubt as to thealignment inherent in a given test machine, then the alignmentshould be checked as discussed in 7.2.5.6.4 Edge Effects in Angle Ply LaminatesPremature failureand lower stiffnesses are observed as a result of edge softeningin laminates containing off-axis

33、 plies. Because of this, thestrength and modulus for angle ply laminates can be drasticallyunderestimated. For quasi-isotropic laminates containing sig-nificant 0 plies, the effect is not as significant.7. Apparatus7.1 MicrometersA micrometer with a 4- to 5-mm 0.16-to 0.20-in nominal diameter double

34、-ball interface shall beused to measure the thickness of the specimen. A micrometerD 3039/D 3039M 00 (2006)2with a flat anvil interface shall be used to measure the width ofthe specimen. The accuracy of the instruments shall be suitablefor reading to within 1 % of the sample width and thickness.For

35、typical specimen geometries, an instrument with an accu-racy of 62.5 m 60.0001 in. is adequate for thicknessmeasurement, while an instrument with an accuracy of 625m 60.001 in. is adequate for width measurement.7.2 Testing MachineThe testing machine shall be inconformance with Practices E4and shall

36、satisfy the followingrequirements:7.2.1 Testing Machine HeadsThe testing machine shallhave both an essentially stationary head and a movable head.7.2.2 Drive MechanismThe testing machine drive mecha-nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head acontrolled velocity with respect to the stati

37、onary head. Thevelocity of the movable head shall be capable of beingregulated as specified in 11.3.7.2.3 Load IndicatorThe testing machine load-sensingdevice shall be capable of indicating the total load beingcarried by the test specimen. This device shall be essentiallyfree from inertia lag at the

38、 specified rate of testing and shallindicate the load with an accuracy over the load range(s) ofinterest of within 61 % of the indicated value. The loadrange(s) of interest may be fairly low for modulus evaluation,much higher for strength evaluation, or both, as required.NOTE 1Obtaining precision lo

39、ad data over a large range of interest inthe same test, such as when both elastic modulus and ultimate load arebeing determined, place extreme requirements on the load cell and itscalibration. For some equipment, a special calibration may be required.For some combinations of material and load cell,

40、simultaneous precisionmeasurement of both elastic modulus and ultimate strength may not bepossible and measurement of modulus and strength may have to beperformed in separate tests using a different load cell range for each test.7.2.4 GripsEach head of the testing machine shall carryone grip for hol

41、ding the test specimen so that the direction ofload applied to the specimen is coincident with the longitudinalaxis of the specimen. The grips shall apply sufficient lateralpressure to prevent slippage between the grip face and thecoupon. If tabs are used the grips should be long enough thatthey ove

42、rhang the beveled portion of the tab by approximately10 to 15 mm 0.5 in. It is highly desirable to use grips that arerotationally self-aligning to minimize bending stresses in thecoupon.NOTE 2Grip surfaces that are lightly serrated, approximately 1serration/mm 25 serrations/in., have been found sati

43、sfactory for use inwedge-action grips when kept clean and sharp; coarse serrations mayproduce grip-induced failures in untabbed coupons. Smooth grippingsurfaces have been used successfully with either hydraulic grips or anemery cloth interface, or both.7.2.5 System AlignmentPoor system alignment can

44、 be amajor contributor to premature failure, to elastic property datascatter, or both. Practice E 1012 describes bending evaluationguidelines and describes potential sources of misalignmentduring tensile testing. In addition to Practice E 1012, thedegree of bending in a tensile system can also be ev

45、aluatedusing the following related procedure. Specimen bending isconsidered separately in 11.6.1.7.2.5.1 A rectangular alignment coupon, preferably similarin size and stiffness to the test specimen of interest, isinstrumented with a minimum of three longitudinal straingages of similar type, two on t

46、he front face across the widthand one on the back face of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 1.Any difference in indicated strain between these gages duringloading provides a measure of the amount of bending in thethickness plane (By) and width plane (Bz) of the coupon. Thestrain gage location should no

47、rmally be located in the middleof the coupon gage section (if modulus determination is aconcern), near a grip (if premature grip failures are a problem),or any combination of these areas.7.2.5.2 When evaluating system alignment, it is advisable toperform the alignment check with the same coupon inse

48、rted ineach of the four possible installation permutations (describedrelative to the initial position): initial (top-front facing ob-server), rotated back to front only (top back facing observer),rotated end for end only (bottom front facing observer), androtated both front to back and end to end (b

49、ottom back facingobserver). These four data sets provide an indication ofwhether the bending is due to the system itself or to tolerancein the alignment check coupon or gaging.7.2.5.3 The zero strain point may be taken either beforegripping or after gripping. The strain response of the alignmentcoupon is subsequently monitored during the gripping process,the tensile loading process, or both. Eq 1-3 use these indicatedstrains to calculate the ratio of the percentage of bending strainto average extensional strain