ASTM D996-2004 Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments《包装及分配环境的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 996 04Standard Terminology ofPackaging and Distribution Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p

2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThe terms and definitions in this standard are grouped into rela

3、ted areas under principal concepts.The broad descriptor term for each group is followed in alphabetical order by narrower terms andrelated terms. Cross-references are included where the concept group is not obvious.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used i

4、n the packaging and distribution envi-ronments. Terms that are generally understood or adequatelyfound in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in discussions.1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published

5、byanother standards organization or ASTM committee are iden-tified with the name of the organization or ASTM committee.1.4 The definitions in this terminology are grouped intorelated areas under principal concepts. The broad discriptorterm for each group is followed in alphabetical order bynarrower

6、terms and related terms. Cross-references are in-cluded where the concept group is not obvious.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 1596 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Char-acteristics of Package MaterialsD 3288 Test Methods for Magnet Wire EnamelsE 17

7、6 Terminology of Fire StandardsG 15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and CorrosionTesting2.2 Federal Standard:PPP-F-320 Fiberboard, Corrugated and Solid, Sheet Stock(Container Grade), and Cut Shapes32.3 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rule 304National Motor Freight Classification53.

8、Terminologyabsorbent packingSee packing.adhesive, na substance capable of holding materials togetherby surface attachment.DISCUSSIONAdhesive is the general term and includes amongothers, cement, glue, mucilage, and paste.All of these terms are looselyused interchangeably. Various descriptive adjecti

9、ves are applied to theterm adhesive to indicate certain characteristics as follows: (1) Physicalform, that is, liquid adhesive, tape adhesive, (2) Chemical type, that is,silicate adhesive, resin adhesive, (3) Materials bonded, that is, paperadhesive, metal-plastic adhesive, can label adhesive, and (

10、4) Conditionsof use, that is, hot-setting adhesive (D 907, D14).2contact adhesive, nan adhesive that is apparently dry to thetouch and that will adhere to itself instantaneously uponcontact; also called contact bond adhesive or dry bondadhesive (D 907, D14).aerosol packageSee package.ampoule, na her

11、metically sealed, small bulbous glass orplastic vessel. Opening is achieved by breaking the stem.(Also ampuleor ampul.)anchor, vto secure firmly (Webster).anti-skid plateSee loading.available program, na qualifying term which can be used inthe definition of recyclable, reusable, refillable, returnab

12、le,compostable, establishing limits; for example, by population1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.11 on Terminology(Definitions).Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyappr

13、oved in 1948 as D 996 48 T. Last previous edition aprpoved in 2002 asD 996 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on

14、the ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.4Available from Uniform Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaza,Chicago, IL 60606.5Available from National Classification Board, 2200 Mill Road, Alexandria, VA22314.1Copyright

15、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and access within geographic area.DISCUSSIONThis term is an essential component of recyclable,reusable, refillable, returnable, and compostable. Manufacturers shouldrefer to FTC Guidelines to ens

16、ure claims are not deceptive. Claimsshould be qualified with appropriate phrases such as the following:“Recyclable where facilities exist. Check to see if recycling facilitiesexist in your community.”“Recyclable where facilities exist. Collection programs have beenestablished in x % of the country.

17、Check to determine if they exist inyour community.”“Compostable in centralized facilities. Check to see if compostingprograms exist in your community.”“Compostable at home. May be composted in as part of yourcomposting pile at home.”bag, na preformed container of tubular construction madeof flexible

18、 material, generally enclosed on all sides exceptone forming an opening that may or may not be sealed afterfilling. (See also pouch.)DISCUSSIONAbag may be made of any flexible material, or multipleplies of the same, or combination of various flexible materials. Theterm bag is used as a synonym for s

19、ack, but the term sack generallyrefers to the heavier duty or shipping sacks. It is made in variousstandard styles and may be open-mouth or valve type. The five basicstandard types of bags are: (1) grocery bag, (2) merchandise paper, (3)industrial, (4) textile, and (5) paper shipping sack.paper mult

20、iwall-sacka flexible container made of severalplies, usually of kraft paper. The various plies may bespecially treated, such as waxed paper, glassine, greaseproof,polyethylene, wet strength paper, or other specialty sheets.The particular nature of the sack depends upon the materialto be packed and t

21、he type of transportation to be employed.bag linerSee liner.bail, nthe usually arched handle of a pail or can.bale, nin packaging a shaped unit, bound with cord or metalties under tension, and containing compressed articles ormaterials. It may be wrapped.bandingUse strapping.barrel, na bulged cylind

22、rical container of greater lengththan breadth, made of wooden staves bound together withhoops and having two flat ends of equal diameter. (Comparedrum.)cask, na term used synonymously with barrel but usuallyof large size or capacity.keg, na small slack or tight barrel of 30-gal capacity orless.barri

23、er materialgrease-resistant barriera material that prevents or retardsthe transmission of grease or oils.water-resistant barriera material that retards the transmis-sion of liquid water.water-vapor-resistant barriera material that retards thetransmission of water vapor.basket, na semirigid container

24、 usually open at the top andprovided with one or two handles for carrying. (Comparehamper.)DISCUSSIONA basket is sometimes made of thin strips of wood,woven or stapled, or otherwise bound together, or it may be made offiberboard or combinations of wood and fiber, or plastic. (See stave.(2)battenSee

25、box.biodegradable, adjcapable of undergoing decompositioninto carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds,or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is theenzymatic action of micro-organisms, that can be measuredby standardized tests, in a specified period of time, reflectingavailable dis

26、posal conditions.blister packSee pack.blockingSee loading.bodySee container.bottleSee container.bottomSee box.box, na rigid container having closed faces and completelyenclosing the contents. When this term is used in connectionwith fiberboard boxes, such fiber boxes must comply with allthe requirem

27、ents of the carrier rules. (See carton.)bottom, nthe face of a box on which it usually rests whilefilling.DISCUSSIONIn terms of fiberboard shipping boxes, the face createdby the flaps of regular (or similar style) slotted boxes are the top orbottom, regardless of loading or stacking.box batten, na r

28、einforcing member, (1) for a wood boxinternally or externally applied to the sides, top and bottoms.When applied externally it should be applied in pairs; (2)ina wirebound box, a batten is a reinforcement used on theends of the container only.cleated fiberboard boxa rigid container having five or si

29、xpanel faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panelsbeing made of solid or corrugated fiberboard.cleated plywood boxa rigid container having five or sixpanel faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panelsbeing made of plywood.flange, nin fiberboard boxes, an extension to a panelsimilar to

30、 a short flap that may be folded in or out, usually atangles of 90 or 180 to the panel.nailed wood boxa rigid container constructed of wood inseveral standard styles, assembled by fastening sides, topand bottom to the ends with nails or other suitable fasteners.skid boxa metal, wooden, or fiber box

31、fastened to aplatform raised on skid members or legs; it may or may notbe collapsible. (See also skid.)wirebound boxa rigid container whose sides, top, andbottom are of rotary-cut lumber, sliced lumber, resawnlumber, fiberboard, or combinations thereof, usually38 in.(9.5 mm) or less in thickness, fa

32、stened to cleats and to eachother by means of binding wires and staples; and ends ofsimilar material, plain or stapled to battens or liners,fastened in place by means of nails or staples or wiresstapled thereto.DISCUSSIONThe closure is made by twisting or looping together theends of the binding wire

33、s.boxboardSee paperboard.bracingSee loading.bubble packaging materiala material consisting of a flex-ible plastic film having uniformly spaced bubbles integrallymolded therein.D996042DISCUSSIONThese bubbles may or may not be permanently affixedto a separate backing film to either seal the air within

34、 the bubbles or toadd dimensional stability to the structure. Bubble packaging is prima-rily used as a cushioning material.buffer, na material or device, such as folded up corrugatedfiberboard, placed in a container to position and protect thecontents from the forces of impact.DISCUSSIONA buffer is

35、usually made of a cushioning, or compress-ible material. It may be made in a variety of styles such as spring buffer,rolled-up buffer, die-cut, and so forth. (See cushioning material.)bulk packagingsee packaging.bundle, ntwo or more articles held together with rope, wire,or strapping so as to form a

36、 shipping unit; it may bewrapped.bung holein packaging, an opening in a barrel or drumthrough which material can be poured to fill, empty or vent.bursting strengthSee package testing.bursting strength testSee package testing.caliperSee package testing.can, nin packaging, a receptacle generally of 10

37、-gal capacityor less, normally not used as a shipping container.DISCUSSIONThe body is made of lightweight metal or is a compos-ite of paperboard and other materials having the ends made ofpaperboard, metal, plastic, or a combination thereof.Cady testSee package testing.capSee container (cover).carbo

38、y, na container made of glass, ceramic, plastic, ormetal, having a capacity of 5 to 15 gal (19 to 57 L) with thepouring and filling opening at the top.DISCUSSIONFor shipment, carboys are generally encased in aprotective rigid outer container.carton, na folding box, generally made from boxboard forme

39、rchandising consumer quantities of products (for ex-ample, shelf packages or prime packages).caseSee container.case linerSee liner.caskSee barrel.child-resistant packagingSee packaging.chime (chine), nin packaging, the rim of a container, suchas a drum, barrel, or can.chipboardSee paperboard.cleat,

40、na wood or metal strip attached along the edge of apanel of a container for the attaching of an adjacent panel,or fastened to the panel between the edges, or to barrelheads, for reinforcement and stiffening.cleated fiberboard boxSee box.cleated plywood boxSee box.closure, nin packaging, a means of c

41、losing a container toretain the contents.plug, nin packaging, a type of closure that is designed tobe inserted into a container opening. It may be held byfriction or by screw threads. (See cap.)cocoon, vin packaging, to employ strippable, usually plastic,sometimes multi-layered films to encapsulate

42、an item.code, vto assign numbers, letters, words, or symbols asidentifying marks to containers, packaged materials, orarticles to convey information concerning the qualities of thecontainer or its contents, date, place of manufacture, or othersignificant identification. (Compare marking.)collapsible

43、 tubeSee paction ratio, nthe measurement of the relationship ofvolume displacement of a package before and after simu-lated landfill conditions as determined in standardized posite tubeSee postable, adjcapable of undergoing biological decom-position in a compost site as part of an available program,

44、such that the material (that is, feedstock) is not visuallydistinquishable and breaks down to carbon dioxide, water,inorganic compounds, and biomass, at a rate consistent withknown compostable materials.DISCUSSIONSee available program for further clarification. Also,manufacturers should indicate if

45、composting at home or centralizedfacility is appropriate.Conbur testSee package testing.constant loadSee load.contact adhesivesee adhesive.containera nonspecific term for a receptacle capable ofclosure (See also: bag, barrel, basket, box, can, carton,crate, cylinder, drum, envelope, hamper, pail, tu

46、be.)body, nin packaging, the principal part of a container,usually the largest part in one piece containing the sides.bottle, na rigid or semirigid container typically of glass orplastic, having a comparatively narrow neck or mouth, andusually no handle (Webster).case, na nonspecific term for a ship

47、ping container. Indomestic commerce, case usually refers to a box made fromcorrugated or solid fiberboard wood, or metal.cover, nin packaging, the top or bottom, or both of acontainer, usually the part that closes the filling and dis-pensing opening. It is often called a cap when used withfiberboard

48、 containers. (See also shroud.)cylinder, na rigid cylindrical metal container designed asa portable vessel for the storage and transportation ofcompressed gases. Generally equipped with protected valveclosure and suitable pressure-relief safety device.die-cut, adj(1) a method of preparation in which

49、 a part orcontainer has been cut, slotted, and scored or any combi-nation of these by custom-made dies; (2) n, a part so made.expendable containera container for shipping or storage,or both, intended primarily for a single trip.face, nin packaging, any one of the plane surfaces of acontainer.fast pack containera standard size, reusable containerwith foam cushion inserts.DISCUSSIONSome designs permit shipment of a large variety ofitems within certain limits of si