ASTM D9-2009a Standard Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products.pdf

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1、Designation: D9 09aStandard Terminology Relating toWood and Wood-Based Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe

2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe definitions contained herein constitute a lexicon of terms of general interest. Definitions in morespecialized wood product or process use will be fo

3、und in other standards. These include PracticeD245, Terminology D907, Terminology D1038, Nomenclature D1165, Terminology D1554, Termi-nology F547, Practice D2555, and Terminology C274.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a repository of definitionsessential for the business of Committee D07.1.2 The f

4、ollowing criteria shall be followed by Subcommit-tee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions forinclusion in this terminology.1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected ifthey are in general use in the conduct of the standards overwhich D07 has jurisdiction.1.2.2 Terms and

5、 associated definitions in general industrialor technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-basedproducts are not included.1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to asingle D07 standard and defined therein or generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily availabl

6、e sourcesmay not be included in this terminology.1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee D07 is responsible, it is included in this terminol-ogy only when judged an essential term by SubcommitteeD07.91.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included

7、 in discussion notes.1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years;the year of last review is appended.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD245 Practice for Establishing Struc

8、tural Grades and Re-lated Allowable Properties for Visually Graded LumberD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and PlywoodD1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-woodsD1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par-ticle Panel MaterialsD2016 Test for Moi

9、sture Content of Wood3D2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Val-uesF547 Terminology of Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-Base Materials3. Terminologyallowable propertiesmechanical properties of materials asprepared for design use. Allowable properties of wood areidentified with stress-g

10、rade descriptions and reflect theorthotropic structure of wood. Often considered synonymouswith allowable unit stresses, working stresses, and designstresses.American Softwood Lumber Standarda voluntary productstandard of the U.S. Department of Commerce which servesas a basis for the preparation and

11、 revision of industry-sponsored grading rules for lumber.American standard lumberlumber conforming to the basicprovisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard.annual ringthe growth layer produced by the tree in a singlegrowth year, including earlywood and latewood.bark pocketthe layer of a tree

12、outside the cambium com-prising the inner bark and the outer bark.bark productan opening between annual growth rings thatcontains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt

13、ee D07.91 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1907. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D9 09. DOI:10.1520/D0009-09A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi

14、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700

15、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.inner barkthe layer of living bark (phloem) that separatesthe outer bark from the cambium and which in the living treegenerally is moist and soft.outer barkthe layer of dead bark outside the inner

16、bark,forming the exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer barkfrequently is corky and dry.basic stress (archaic)the term once used for an allowableproperty for clear, straight-grained lumber.battena narrow strip of lumber for covering the adjoiningedges of roofing or siding, often designated as

17、“batts.”board foota unit of measurement represented by a board 1ft long, 1 ft wide, and 1 in. thick (abbreviation: ft. b.m.,bd. ft., fmb). In finished or surfaced lumber, the board-footmeasure is based on the nominal size. In practice, theworking unit is 1000 board feet (abbreviation: M bd. ft.,M B.

18、M., M B.F).board measurea unit of measurement of the volume inboard feet of logs or lumber (abbreviation: B.M.).boardssee lumber.bolethe stem or trunk of a tree of size sufficient to yieldlumber, veneer, or poles.bolt(1) a short section of a tree trunk or limb;(2) a short log of a length suitable fo

19、r peeling in a lathe forveneer; and(3) a short portion of a log prepared for production ofshingles, staves, etc.bowthe distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction perpendicular to the flat face from astraight line from end to end of the piece.brashnessa condition that

20、 causes some pieces of wood to berelatively low in shock resistance for the species and, whenbroken in bending, to fail abruptly without splintering atcomparatively small deflections.built-up timbersan assembly made by joining layers oflumber together with mechanical fastenings so the grain ofall la

21、minations is essentially parallel.burl(1) a hard, woody outgrowth on a tree, more or lessrounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growthof a cluster of adventitious buds; and(2) in wood or veneer, a localized severe distortion of thegrain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting f

22、romovergrowth of dead branch stubs, varying from12 in. toseveral inches in diameter; frequently includes one or moreclusters of several small contiguous conical protuberances,each usually having a core of pith but no appreciable amountof end grain (in tangential view) surrounding it.cambiumthe layer

23、 of cells that lies between the inner barkand the wood of a tree, that repeatedly subdivides to formnew wood and bark cells.canta log that has been slabbed on one or more sides,usually with the intention of resawing at right angles to thewidest sawn face.casehardeninga condition of stress and set in

24、 wood due todrying in which outer fibers are under compressive stress andinner fibers under tensile stress, a condition that often existsduring subsequent processing. In commerce, the term oftenconnotes a degree of severity regarded as detrimental in use.cella general term for the minute units of wo

25、od structurehaving distinct cell walls and cell cavities including woodfibers, vessel segments, and other elements of diversestructure and function.cellulosethe carbohydrate that is the principal constituent ofwood and forms the structural framework of the wood cells.characteristica distinguishing f

26、eature or trait. In gradinglumber and other wood products, a feature in or on the woodwhich by its nature, extent, and frequency of occurrencedetermines the grade or level of quality.characteristic sizethe standard dimensions of the piece atwhich the characteristic value is calculated.characteristic

27、 valuethe structural property estimate, typi-cally a population mean, median, or tolerance limit valueestimated from the test data that is representative of thepopulation being sampled. Test data is typically adjusted tostandardized conditions of temperature, moisture content,and characteristic size

28、.checka separation of the wood along the fiber direction thatusually extends across the rings of annual growth, com-monly resulting from stresses set up in wood during season-ing.end checka seasoning check occurring on the end of aboard or other piece of wood.heart checka check that extends across t

29、he growth layersin one or more directions from the pith toward, but not to, thesurface of a piece of wood; a synonym is pith check.pith checksee heart check.roller checka crack in the wood structure caused by apiece of cupped lumber being flattened between machinerollers.star checka heart check in w

30、hich the separation extends inmore than one direction from the pith.surface checka check occurring on the surface of a pieceof wood, usually on the tangential face not extendingthrough the piece.through checka check that extends through a piece ofwood, or from a surface to the opposite or to an adjo

31、iningsurface.chipssmall fragments of wood chopped or broken by cutssuch as by a planer, chipper, mechanical hog, hammermill.clearfree of defects or imperfections.coarse grainsee grain.collapsethe flattening of single cells or rows of cells duringthe drying or pressure treatment of wood, characterize

32、d by acaved-in or corrugated posite wood beama laminar construction comprising acombination of wood and other simple or complex materialsassembled and intimately fixed in relation to each other so asto use the properties of each to attain specific structuraladvantage of the whole pression failuredef

33、ormation of the wood fibers result-ing from excessive compression along the grain either indirect end compression or in bending. It may develop instanding trees due to bending by wind or snow or to internallongitudinal stresses developed in growth, or it may resultfrom stresses imposed after the tre

34、e is cut. In surfacedlumber, compression failures appear as fine wrinkles acrossD9 09a2the face of the pression parallel to graincompression, endwise (par-allel to the grain). The imposition of a compressive stressthat acts in a direction parallel to the grain of the wood, as ina pression perpendicu

35、lar to graincompression, sidewise(perpendicular to the grain). The imposition of a compres-sive stress that acts in a direction approximately perpendicu-lar to the grain of the pression woodabnormal wood formed typically on thelower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.Compression

36、wood is identified by its relatively wide annualrings, usually eccentric, relatively large amount of latewood,sometimes more than 50 % of the width of the annual ringsin which it occurs, and its lack of demarcation betweenearlywood and latewood in the same annual rings. Compres-sion wood shrinks exc

37、essively lengthwise, as compared withnormal wood.conifera tree belonging to the order Coniferae, usuallyevergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves,and producing wood known commercially as “softwood.”crooka distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction p

38、erpendicular to the edge from astraight line from end to end of the piece.cross breaka separation of the wood cells across the grain.Such breaks may be due to internal stress resulting fromunequal longitudinal shrinkage or external forces.cross grainsee grain.cross sectiona section of a stem, board,

39、 or other piece ofwood taken at right angles to its longitudinal axis.crosscutto cut a board, timber, or log generally transverse tothe direction of the fibers; a synonym is “buck”.cupa distortion of a board in which there is a deviationflatwise from a straight line across the width of the board.dec

40、aydecomposition of wood substance caused by action ofwood-destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss ofstrength and weight, and often in change of texture and color.advanced (or typical) decaythe older stage of decay inwhich the destruction is readily recognized because thewood has become punky,

41、 soft and spongy, stringy, ring-shaked, pitted, or crumbly. Decided discoloration or bleach-ing of the rotted wood is often apparent.incipient decaythe early stage of decay that has notproceeded far enough to soften or otherwise perceptiblyimpair the hardness of the wood. It may be accompanied bya s

42、light discoloration or bleaching of the wood.pocket rotadvanced decay that appears in the form of ahole, pocket, or area of soft rot usually surrounded byapparently sound wood.defectany irregularity or imperfection in a tree, log, piece,product, or lumber that reduces the volume of sound wood orlowe

43、rs its durability, strength, or utility value.degrade, na reduction in quality of lumber, logs, or otherwood products due to processing.dense(1) term used in stress grading of certain softwoodspecies to signify a high specific gravity; and(2) a visual estimate of high specific gravity. To be classif

44、iedas dense, the softwood species shall average on one end orthe other of each piece, not less than six annual rings perinch and one-third or more latewood. Pieces not less thanfour rings per inch shall be accepted as dense if they averageone-half or more latewood.depth factorthe factor included in

45、deriving the allowablebending stress for rectangular members which takes intoaccount the somewhat lower unit strength developed inlarger members as compared to smaller members; archaicterminology more correctly termed size factor.depth of beamthat dimension of the beam that is perpen-dicular to the

46、span and parallel to the direction in which theload is applied.diffuse porous woodcertain hardwoods in which the poresexhibit little or no variation in size or distribution throughoutthe growth ring, only decreasing slightly in size, graduallytoward the outer border of the ring.dimensional stabiliza

47、tiontreatment of wood to reduceswelling and shrinking caused by changes in its moisturecontent.dotesee decay.dressed sizesee lumber.dryingsee seasoning.dry-bulb temperaturetemperature of the air as indicated byan accurate thermometer, corrected for radiation if signifi-cant.durabilitya general term

48、for permanence or resistance todeterioration. Frequently used to refer to the degree ofresistance of a species of wood to attack by wood-destroyingfungi under conditions that favor such attack. In this con-nection, the term “decay resistance” is more specific.duration of loadthe duration of stress o

49、r the time duringwhich a load acts on a member. In wood, a design consid-eration for modifying allowable stresses, based on theaccumulated loadings anticipated in the life of a structure.E-rated lumberlumber graded for use in manufacturingglued-laminated timber by nondestructive measurement of amodulus of elasticity (E), and by visual inspection inaccordance with the grading rules of the applicable gradingor inspection agency.earlywoodthe less dense, large-cell