ASTM D892-2011 Standard Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils《润滑油起泡特性的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation:D89210 Designation: D892 11Designation: 146/2000British Standard 5092Standard Test Method forFoaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D892; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i

2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1

3、This test method covers the determination of the foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at 24C and 93.5C. Means ofempirically rating the foaming tendency and the stability of the foam are described.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthe

4、ses are for information only.1.31.2 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling

5、 mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may b

6、e prohibited by law.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this st

7、andard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaq

8、ue Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Permeability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory UseE1272 Specifi

9、cation for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylinders3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 diffuser, nfor gas, a device for dispersing gas into a fluid.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn this test method the diffuser may be made of either metallic or non-metallic materials.3.1.2 entrained air (or gas), nin liquids, a two

10、-phase mixture of air (or gas) dispersed in a liquid in which the liquid is themajor component on a volumetric basis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionEntrained air (or gas) may form micro size bubbles in liquids that are not uniformly dispersed and that maycoalesce to form larger bubbles below or at the surface wh

11、ich break or form foam.3.1.3 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed in or on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct

12、 responsibility of Subcommittee D02.06 onAnalysis of Lubricants.Current edition approved Oct.Jan. 1, 2010.2011. Published November 2010.February 2011. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20062010 asD892061. D89210. DOI:10.1520/D0892-11.In the IP, this test method is under

13、the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted bythe cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures. DOI: 10.1520/D0892-10.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactA

14、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been m

15、ade to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A

16、 Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 lubricant, nany material interposed between two surfaces that reduces friction or wear between them. D60823.1.4.1 Di

17、scussionIn this test method, the lubricant is an oil which may or may not contain additives such as foam inhibitors.3.1.5 maximum pore diameter, nin gas diffusion, the diameter of a circular cross-section of a capillary is equivalent to thelargest pore of the diffuser under consideration.3.1.5.1 Dis

18、cussionThe pore dimension is expressed in micrometres (m).3.1.6 permeability, n in gas diffusion, the rate of a substance that passes through a material (diffuser) under given conditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dynamic bubble, nthe first bubble to pass through and es

19、cape from the diffuser followed by a continuous succession ofbubbles when testing for the maximum pore diameter in Annex A1.3.2.1.1 DiscussionWhen a diffuser is immersed in a liquid, air can be trapped in the pores. It can escape eventually or as soonas a pressure is applied to the diffuser. When te

20、sting for maximum pore diameter (Annex A1) the escape of such bubble shall beignored.3.2.2 foam stability, nin foam testing, the amount of foam remaining at the specified time following the disconnecting of theair supply.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method, foam stability is determined from measur

21、ements made 10 min 6 10 s afterdisconnecting the air supply. In cases after the air supply has been disconnected, where the foam collapses to 0 mL before the 10min settling time has elapsed, the test may be terminated and the foam stability result recorded as 0 mL.3.2.3 foaming tendency, nin foam te

22、sting, the amount of foam determined from measurements made immediately after thecessation of air flow.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Sequence IA portion of sample, maintained at a bath temperature of 24 6 0.5C is blown with air at a constant rate (946 5 mL/min ) for 5 min, then allowed to settle for

23、10 min (unless the case described in 3.2.2.1 applies, in which case, the timeduration can be shortened). The volume of foam is measured at the end of both periods.4.2 Sequence IIAsecond portion of sample, maintained at a bath temperature of 93.5 60.5C, is analyzed using the same airflow rate and blo

24、wing and settling time duration as indicated in 4.1.4.3 Sequence IIIThe sample portion used in conducting Sequence II is used for Sequence III, where any remaining foam iscollapsed and the sample portion temperature cooled below 43.5C by allowing the test cylinder to stand in air at roomtemperature,

25、 before placing the cylinder in the bath maintained at 24 6 0.5C. The same air flow rate and blowing and settlingtime duration as indicated in 4.1 is followed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The tendency of oils to foam can be a serious problem in systems such as high-speed gearing, high-volume pumping,

26、andsplash lubrication. Inadequate lubrication, cavitation, and overflow loss of lubricant can lead to mechanical failure. This testmethod is used in the evaluation of oils for such operating conditions.6. Apparatus6.1 Foaming Test Apparatus, an example of a suitable set-up is shown in Fig. 1, consis

27、ting of a 1000-mL graduated cylinderFIG. 1 Foaming Test ApparatusD892 112or cylinders (meeting Specification E1272 class B tolerance requirement of 66 mL and at least graduations of 10 mL) held inposition when placed in the baths, such as fitted with a heavy ring or clamp assembly to overcome the bu

28、oyancy, and an air-inlettube, to the bottom of which is fastened a gas diffuser. The gas diffuser can be either a 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter spherical gasdiffuser stone made of fused crystalline alumina grain, or a cylindrical metal diffuser made of sintered five micron porous stainlesssteel (Note 1).

29、 The cylinder shall have a diameter such that the distance from the inside bottom to the 1000-mL graduation markis 360 6 25 mm. It shall be circular at the top (Note 2) and shall be fitted with a stopper, such as those made of rubber, havingone hole at the center for the air-inlet tube and a second

30、hole off-center for an air-outlet tube. The air-inlet tube shall be adjustedso that, when the stopper is fitted tightly into the cylinder, the gas diffuser (Note 3) just touches the bottom of the cylinder andis approximately at the center of the circular cross section. Gas diffusers shall meet the f

31、ollowing specification when tested inaccordance with the method given in Annex A1:Maximum pore diameter, m Not greater than 80Permeability at pressure of 2.45 kPa (250 mm) water,mL of air/min3000 to 6000NOTE 1Gas diffuser permeability and porosity can change during use; therefore, it is recommended

32、that diffusers be tested when new and periodicallythereafter preferably after each use.NOTE 2Graduated cylinders with circular tops can be prepared from cylinders with pouring spouts by cutting them off below the spouts. The cutsurface is to be smoothed before use by fire polishing or grinding.NOTE

33、3Gas diffusers may be attached to air-inlet tubes by any suitable means. A convenient arrangement is shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 4It may be necessary to confirm the volume of the cylinder.6.2 Test Baths, large enough to permit the immersion of the cylinder at least to the 900-mL mark and capable of beingma

34、intained at temperatures constant to 0.5C (1F) at 24C (75F) and 93.5C (200F), respectively. Both bath (Note 6) and bathliquid shall be clear enough to permit observation of the graduations on the cylinder.NOTE 5Air baths may also be utilized for heating purposes. Limited data has shown that both liq

35、uid and air baths give equivalent results. However,the precision estimates given in Section 13 are based on using only liquid baths.3NOTE 6Heat-resistant cylindrical glass jars approximately 300 mm (12 in.) in diameter and 450 mm (18 in.) in height make satisfactory baths.6.3 Air Supply, from a sour

36、ce capable of maintaining an air flow rate of 94 6 5 mL/min through the gas diffuser. The air shallbe passed through a drying tower 300 mm in height packed as follows: just above the constriction place a 20-mm layer of cotton,then a 180-mm layer of indicating desiccant, and a 20-mm layer of cotton.

37、The cotton serves to hold the desiccant in place. Refillthe tower when the indicating desiccant begins to show presence of moisture. A flowmeter sensitive to the required tolerances canbe used to measure the air flow (, from a source capable of maintaining an air flow rate of 94 6 5 mL/min through t

38、he gas diffuser.If the dew point of the air supply does not meet the -60C or lower requirements as stated in 7.3, the air shall be passed througha drying tower 300 mm in height packed as follows: just above the constriction place a 20-mm layer of cotton, then a 180-mmlayer of indicating desiccant, a

39、nd a 20-mm layer of cotton. The cotton serves to hold the desiccant in place. Refill the tower whenthe indicating desiccant begins to show presence of moisture. The use of the drying tower described above is optional if the dewpoint of the air supply meets the -60C or lower requirements as stated in

40、 7.3.Aflowmeter sensitive to the required tolerances canbe used to measure the air flow (Note 7).3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1516.Dimensions in millimetres (inches)FIG. 2 Attachment of Gas Diffusers to A

41、ir-Inlet TubesD892 113NOTE 7A manometer type flowmeter, in which the capillary between the two arms of the U-tube is approximately 0.4 mm in diameter and 16 mmin length, and in which n-butylphthalate is the manometric liquid, is suitable.6.3.1 The total volume of air leaving the foaming test apparat

42、us shall be measured by a volume measuring device (Note 9)capable of accurately measuring gas volumes of about 470 mL. The air shall be passed through at least one loop of copper tubingplaced around the inside circumference of the cold bath so that the volume measurement is made at approximately 24C

43、 (75F).Precautions are to be taken to avoid leaks at any point in the system.NOTE 8Alternatively,a1Lcylinder (with 10 mLgraduation marks) full of water is inverted in a tall, large beaker also filled with water. There shouldbe no air bubbles inside. Air leaving the copper loop in the bath is connect

44、ed below the cylinder. When the test is started, air will flow into the cylinder,displacing the water. At the end of the test, the volume of air in the cylinder is measured by equalizing the water levels inside and outside the cylinder.Alternatively, the total volume of air passed would be the diffe

45、rence between the final and the initial volumes of water in the cylinder.NOTE 9A wet test meter calibrated in hundredths of a litre is suitable.6.4 Timer, graduated and accurate to1sorbetter.6.5 Temperature Sensing Device, capable of covering the temperature range from at least 20 to 100C, with an a

46、ccuracy of60.5C. A thermometer having a range as shown below and conforming to the requirements as prescribed in Specification E1 orspecifications for IP thermometers has been found suitable to use:TemperatureRangeThermometerASTM No. IP20 to 102C 12C 64C7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of Reagent

47、sReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all cases. Unless indicated otherwise, it is intended that allreagents conform to the specifications of the committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where suchspecifications are available.4Other grades may be used, provided it is fir

48、st ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purityto permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Acetone(WarningExtremely flammable, vapors can cause a flash fire).7.3 Compressed Air, hydrocarbon free and dry to a dew point of 60C or lower.NOTE10If the source o

49、f compressed air is ensured to the stated specifications, the drying tower in , hydrocarbon free and dry to a dew point of 60Cor lower, otherwise the drying tower described in 6.3 may not be necessary.shall be used.7.4 Heptane(WarningFlammable, vapor harmful).7.5 Propan-2-ol(Solvents with equivalent cleaning and solvency characteristics may be substituted for propan-2-ol.)7.6 Toluene (Methylbenzene)(Solvents with equivalent cleaning and solvency characteristics may be substituted for toluene.)8. Hazards8.1 (Warning