ASTM D459-2016 Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents《肥皂和其他洗涤剂的相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D459 09D459 16Standard Terminology Relating toSoaps and Other Detergents1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i

2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analy

3、sis of Soaps and Soap ProductsD820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Containing Synthetic DetergentsD2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances (Withdrawn 2011)4D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (Withdrawn 2013)4D2960 Guide for Controlled Launderi

4、ng Test Using Naturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances (Withdrawn 2013)4D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance in Home LaunderingD5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering (Not Suitable for Detergent orWashing Machine Rankings)3. Term

5、s and DefinitionsABSan abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound, presentpractice is to use it for those containing branched chains. (See LAS).acid-wash colorthe color developed in the separated acid when a sample of detergent alkylate

6、 is agitated with sulfuric acid underthe conditions prescribed by the method.active ingredient of a synthetic detergentthe organic surface-active material present in the detergent.active oxygenin cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-containingm

7、oieties in solution expressed as oxygen (equivalent weight 8.00).alkaline detergentunder detergent, see inorganic alkaline detergent.alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and detergents)the detergent produced by sulfonating detergent alkylate; anysurface-active substance having the molecu

8、lar structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring substituent(s) an alkylgroup(s) sufficiently large to confer detergent properties.ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactantsee surface-active agent.anhydrous soapunder soap, see anhydrous soap.anionic detergentunder detergent, see anioni

9、c detergent.artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled cloth”)cloth soiled with one or more materials and used toevaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equipment.available chlorine in cleaning compoundsthe oxidizing power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other ox

10、idizing chlorinemoieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate titration.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 onNomenclature a

11、nd Definitions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009July 1, 2016. Published November 2009August 2016. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 asD459-08a.-09. DOI: 10.1520/D0459-09.10.1520/D0459-16.2 A “Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and Deterge

12、nt Association, 475 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. This is an essentially nontechnical listof definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is referenced here for information purposes only.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Custome

13、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to prov

14、ide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the

15、standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1bathroom soilthe soil composed of water insoluble, or practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these mater

16、ials, presenton typical bathroom surfaces other than those of floors and toilets. A major component of this soil is the insoluble precipitate,commonly referred to as “soap scum,” that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.blended soapunder soap, see blended soap.brightenersee fluorescent whit

17、ening agents (FWA).brightening agentsee fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).buffer actionthe resistance of a solution to change in pH.buildera material added to a soap or synthetic detergent formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of thesurfactant, principally by inactivating w

18、ater hardness either by sequestration, precipitation, or ion exchange. Other functions,depending on the performance capability of the builder compound used, include supplying alkalinity, buffering to maintainalkalinity at effective cleaning levels, helping to keep removed soil in suspension, and emu

19、lsifying oily soils.built soapunder soap, see built soap.cationic detergentunder detergent, see cationic detergent.chelating agenta sequestering or complexing agent that, in aqueous solution, renders a metallic ion inactive through theformation of an inner ring structure with the ion.cleaninga proce

20、ss of removing undesirable matter.dry cleaningcleaning fabrics in a substantially nonaqueous liquid medium.wet cleaninga term used in the dry cleaning industry to denote cleaning in an aqueous medium.cleaning wipea sheet of woven or non-woven material that is moistened with a cleaning solution and i

21、s used to clean soils andstains from various hard surfaces. Cleaning wipes may also have disinfecting properties, and are labeled as plexing agentsee sequestering agent.detergencythe removal of soil, using a detergent.detergenta composition that removes soil.anionic detergenta detergent that produce

22、s negatively charged colloidal ions in solution.cationic detergenta detergent that produces positively charged colloidal ions in solution.dry-cleaning detergent (charge-type)a dry-cleaning detergent used at a given percentage by volume that can pass through adiatomaceous earth-coated filter in the d

23、ry-cleaning system without change in composition.dry-cleaning detergent (dry-cleaning aid)a detergent that when added to a dry-cleaning solvent increases cleaningeffectiveness.dry-cleaning detergent (non-charge type)any dry-cleaning detergent that is not of the charge type.inorganic alkaline deterge

24、nta water-soluble inorganic alkali or alkaline salt having detergent properties, but containing no soapor synthetics.nonionic detergenta detergent that produces electrically neutral-colloidal particles in solution.synthetic detergenta detergent produced by chemical synthesis and comprising an organi

25、c composition other than soap.detergenta formulated cleaning composition, generally containing one or more surfactant(s) as the essential component(s).However, under detergent, see inorganic alkaline detergent. Imprecisely, the terms detergent and surfactant have been usedinterchangeably.dry-cleanin

26、g detergenta formulated composition added to the solvent bath in dry-cleaning operations to improve cleaning.inorganic alkaline detergenta formulated cleaning composition containing water-soluble alkali or alkaline salts, but generallyno surfactants.detergent alkylatea mixture of alkylated aromatic

27、hydrocarbons which when sulfonated yields an alkyl aryl sulfonate detergent.The term usually refers to an alkyl benzene in which the alkyl radical is a mixture of straight-chain and isomeric branched-chaingroups, averaging 10 or more carbon atoms.diphase metal cleanera composition which produces two

28、 phases in the cleaning tank, namely, a solvent layer and an aqueouslayer, which cleans by solvent action and emulsification.dispersing agenta material that increases the stability of a suspension of particles in a liquid medium.dry cleaningunder cleaning, see dry cleaning.dry-cleaning detergentunde

29、r detergent, see dry-cleaning detergent.EDTAa term used to designate the compound ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid having the structural formula:D459 162HOOCCH2 CH2COOH /NC2H4N/ HOOCCH2 CH2COOHor any of its salts that may be specified, used as a sequestering agent.emulsifying agenta material that i

30、ncreases the stability of a dispersion of one liquid in another.emulsiona suspension of fine particles or globules of one or more liquids in another liquid.emulsion cleanera composition which forms an emulsion capable of dissolving or suspending soil.fabrica fibrous material containing natural or sy

31、nthetic fibers, or both, in yarn form, interlaced in various configurations (woven,knitted, or nonwovens).fabric softenera laundry auxiliary product or laundry detergent ingredient whose primary function is to give fabrics a soft feel,smooth surface, or reduce static electricity, or a combination th

32、ereof.fatty alcohol sulfatethe product obtained by treating a one-chain fatty alcohol with a sulfonating agent, the major constituentbeing the half sulfuric acid ester of the fatty alcohol or a salt thereof.fatty matter, freethe sum of the free rosin acids and free fatty acids plus the unsaponified

33、and unsaponifiable fatty matter.fatty matter, totalfatty and rosin acids plus unsaponified and unsaponifiable fatty matter. This fatty matter is usually isolatedfrom an acidic 50/50 volume percent solution of ethanol and water by extraction with petroleum ether, as per Test Method D460and Test Metho

34、ds D820.fatty matter, unsaponifiablefatty matter (other than acids) that contain no saponifiable esters, such as fatty alcohols, andmineral oil.fatty matter, unsaponifiedfatty matter containing saponifiable esters, such as fatty oils, glycerides, and lanolin.fillera material added to soap or other d

35、etergent that does not improve its attractiveness or its effectiveness under the conditionsof use.fluorescent whitening agents (FWA)(optical bleach, fluorescent brightener) complex, organic molecules that adhere to fabricsas though they were dyes. Ultraviolet (UV) energy is absorbed, converted, and

36、emitted as visible blue light to enhance fabricappearance and maintain whiteness or brightness.foama mass of bubbles formed on liquids by agitation.foaming agenta material that increases the stability of a suspension of gas bubbles in a liquid medium.FWA buildupthe course of change in fluorescence e

37、mission intensity or fluorescence shade or both, using specified exhaustprocedure:(1) for a specified number of successive applications of FWA, or(2) by varying the FWA concentration in a series of single applications.FWA exhaust efficiencya measure of FWA substantivity as expressed by:(1) exhaust c

38、oefficient (E.C.)the ratio of FWA concentration taken up by unprewhitened substrate, (wt of FWA (s)/wt ofsubstrate) to that concentration of FWAremaining in the bath, (wt of FWA(b)/wt of bath) under specified application conditions.E.C.5wt FWAs!/wt substratewt FWAb!/wt bath(2) percent exhaust (%E)th

39、e ratio of FWA on the substrate (wt FWA (s) obtained under specified conditions to the totalFWA introduced in the original bath (wt FWA (o).FWAfastness (on substrate)degree of change in fluorescence emission intensity or fluorescence shade or both, when a substratecontaining FWA is exposed for a spe

40、cific length of time to any specified natural or artificial environment.FWA fluorescence emission intensitythe difference between the Z (CIE standard observer) tri-stimulus value of a sampletreated with FWAand that of the untreated sample under standardized illumination conditions (D65) and viewing

41、conditions (CIEapproved geometry) for any specified substrate and specimen presentation techniques.FWA fluorescence shade(1) the perceived direction of the shift in hue caused by the addition of an FWA to any specifiednear-white substrate (psychological definition), or (2) the wave length at which a

42、n extension of the line connecting the pointsD459 163on a CIE diagram corresponding to the chromaticity coordinates (measured under standardized illumination conditions (D65)(CIE approved geometry) of the untreated substrate to those of the treated substrate intersects the spectrum locus(psychophysi

43、cal definition).FWA formulation-dependent fluorescence emission intensity ratiothe fluorescence emission intensity obtained with a givenFWA on a specified substrate under specified conditions in a designated formulation system relative to that obtained with thesame FWA under identical conditions in

44、a different formulation.FWA levelnessthe uniformity of distribution of FWA on substrate when applied by a specified method.FWA rate of exhaust indexthe time required for an FWA bath of specified composition to be half-depleted by exhaustion ontoa particular substrate under specified conditions.FWAst

45、ability (in solution)degree of resistance of FWAin solution under specified exposure condition to specific bath additives.FWA substrate selectivity ratiothe fluorescence emission intensity exhibited by a substrate, relative to that obtained on areference substrate, after treating these in a specifie

46、d mixed load, using a given FWA, a designated formulation system, andspecified conditions.high efficiency (HE)used in reference to appliances and allied products that use different technologies to reduce water andenergy use for laundering processes; because there is less water to heat, this results

47、in reduced energy usage.high efficiency (HE) detergenta stain and soil-removing composition specifically formulated to be low-sudsing for use with HEfront- and top-loading washer technologies.DISCUSSIONHE washers use considerably less water and energy than traditional deep-fill washers in the launde

48、ring process.high efficiency (HE) front-loading washerstwo basic types which both utilize technologies that allow for low water usageduring the wash and rinse cycle.DISCUSSION(1) Amachine that tumbles fabrics back and forth through the water or steam, or both, using detergent and additives to remove

49、stains and soils, as the tub rotates clockwise and then counterclockwise.(2) A machine that spins the tub and fabrics while spraying water and dispersing detergent and additives through fabrics toremove soils.This technology uses considerably less water and energy than traditional deep-fill washers in the laundering process.high efficiency (HE) top-loading washera machine that uses spinning, rotating, and/or wobbling wheels, plates or disks toachieve mechanical laundering action. These mac