ASTM D459-2008a Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents .pdf

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1、Designation: D 459 08aStandard Terminology Relating toSoaps and Other Detergents1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p

2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysi

3、sof Soaps and Soap ProductsD 820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Con-taining Synthetic DetergentsD 2330 Test Method for Methylene BlueActive SubstancesD 2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of AlkylbenzeneSulfonatesD 2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-rally Soiled Fabr

4、ics and Household AppliancesD 4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performancein Home LaunderingD 5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Lossof Dyed Fabrics in Laundering3. Terms and DefinitionsABSan abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Althoughstrictly speaking this might apply t

5、o any such compound,present practice is to use it for those containing branchedchains. (See LAS).acid-wash colorthe color developed in the separated acidwhen a sample of detergent alkylate is agitated with sulfuricacid under the conditions prescribed by the method.active ingredient of a synthetic de

6、tergentthe organicsurface-active material present in the detergent.active oxygenin cleaning compounds, the oxidizing powerof oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-containing moieties in solution expressed as oxygen (equiva-lent weight 8.00).alkaline detergentunder detergent, see inorgani

7、c alkalinedetergent.alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps anddetergents)the detergent produced by sulfonating deter-gent alkylate; any surface-active substance having the mo-lecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ringsubstituent(s) an alkyl group(s) sufficiently large to

8、 conferdetergent properties.ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactantsee surface-active agent.anhydrous soapunder soap, see anhydrous soap.anionic detergentunder detergent, see anionic detergent.artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiledcloth”)cloth soiled with one or more mat

9、erials and used toevaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equip-ment.available chlorine in cleaning compoundsthe oxidizingpower of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizingchlorine moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine ofequivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thios

10、ulfatetitration.bathroom soilthe soil composed of water insoluble, orpractically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these mate-rials, present on typical bathroom surfaces other than thoseof floors and toilets. A major component of this soil is theinsoluble precipitate, commonly referred to as “soa

11、p scum,”that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.blended soapunder soap, see blended soap.brightenersee fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).brightening agentsee fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).buffer actionthe resistance of a solution to change in pH.buildera material added to a soap or s

12、ynthetic detergentformulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning effi-ciency of the surfactant, principally by inactivating water1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soapsand Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 onNomenclature

13、and Definitions.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 459-08.2A “Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and DetergentAssociation, 475 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. This is an essent

14、iallynontechnical list of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It isreferenced here for information purposes only.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i

15、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.hardness either by sequestration, precipitation, or ion ex-change. Other functions, depending on the performa

16、ncecapability of the builder compound used, include supplyingalkalinity, buffering to maintain alkalinity at effective clean-ing levels, helping to keep removed soil in suspension, andemulsifying oily soils.built soapunder soap, see built soap.cationic detergentunder detergent, see cationic detergen

17、t.chelating agenta sequestering or complexing agent that, inaqueous solution, renders a metallic ion inactive through theformation of an inner ring structure with the ion.cleaninga process of removing undesirable matter.dry cleaningcleaning fabrics in a substantially nonaque-ous liquid medium.wet cl

18、eaninga term used in the dry cleaning industry todenote cleaning in an aqueous plexing agentsee sequestering agent.detergencythe removal of soil, using a detergent.detergenta composition that removes soil.anionic detergenta detergent that produces negativelycharged colloidal ions in solution.cationi

19、c detergenta detergent that produces positivelycharged colloidal ions in solution.dry-cleaning detergent (charge-type)a dry-cleaning deter-gent used at a given percentage by volume that can passthrough a diatomaceous earth-coated filter in the dry-cleaning system without change in composition.dry-cl

20、eaning detergent (dry-cleaning aid)a detergent thatwhen added to a dry-cleaning solvent increases cleaningeffectiveness.dry-cleaning detergent (non-charge type)any dry-cleaningdetergent that is not of the charge type.inorganic alkaline detergenta water-soluble inorganic al-kali or alkaline salt havi

21、ng detergent properties, but contain-ing no soap or synthetics.nonionic detergenta detergent that produces electricallyneutral-colloidal particles in solution.synthetic detergenta detergent produced by chemical syn-thesis and comprising an organic composition other thansoap.detergenta formulated cle

22、aning composition, generally con-taining one or more surfactant(s) as the essential compo-nent(s). However, under detergent, see inorganic alkalinedetergent. Imprecisely, the terms detergent and surfactanthave been used interchangeably.dry-cleaning detergenta formulated composition added tothe solve

23、nt bath in dry-cleaning operations to improvecleaning.inorganic alkaline detergenta formulated cleaning com-position containing water-soluble alkali or alkaline salts, butgenerally no surfactants.detergent alkylatea mixture of alkylated aromatic hydro-carbons which when sulfonated yields an alkyl ar

24、yl sulfonatedetergent. The term usually refers to an alkyl benzene inwhich the alkyl radical is a mixture of straight-chain andisomeric branched-chain groups, averaging 10 or morecarbon atoms.diphase metal cleanera composition which produces twophases in the cleaning tank, namely, a solvent layer an

25、d anaqueous layer, which cleans by solvent action and emulsifi-cation.dispersing agenta material that increases the stability of asuspension of particles in a liquid medium.dry cleaningunder cleaning, see dry cleaning.dry-cleaning detergentunder detergent, see dry-cleaningdetergent.EDTAa term used t

26、o designate the compound ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid having the structural formula:HOOCCH2CH2COOH/NC2H4N/HOOCCH2CH2COOHor any of its salts that may be specified, used as a sequestering agent.emulsifying agenta material that increases the stability of adispersion of one liquid in another.emulsio

27、na suspension of fine particles or globules of one ormore liquids in another liquid.emulsion cleanera composition which forms an emulsioncapable of dissolving or suspending soil.fabrica fibrous material containing natural or syntheticfibers, or both, in yarn form, interlaced in various configu-ratio

28、ns (woven, knitted, or nonwovens).fabric softenera laundry auxiliary product or laundry deter-gent ingredient whose primary function is to give fabrics asoft feel, smooth surface, or reduce static electricity, or acombination thereof.fatty alcohol sulfatethe product obtained by treating aone-chain f

29、atty alcohol with a sulfonating agent, the majorconstituent being the half sulfuric acid ester of the fattyalcohol or a salt thereof.fatty matter, freethe sum of the free rosin acids and freefatty acids plus the unsaponified and unsaponifiable fattymatter.fatty matter, totalfatty and rosin acids plu

30、s unsaponifiedand unsaponifiable fatty matter. This fatty matter is usuallyisolated from an acidic 50/50 volume percent solution ofethanol and water by extraction with petroleum ether, as perTest Method D 460 and Test Methods D 820.fatty matter, unsaponifiablefatty matter (other than acids)that cont

31、ain no saponifiable esters, such as fatty alcohols,and mineral oil.fatty matter, unsaponifiedfatty matter containing saponifi-able esters, such as fatty oils, glycerides, and lanolin.fillera material added to soap or other detergent that does notimprove its attractiveness or its effectiveness under

32、theconditions of use.fluorescent whitening agents (FWA)(optical bleach, fluo-rescent brightener) complex, organic molecules that adhereto fabrics as though they were dyes. Ultraviolet (UV) energyis absorbed, converted, and emitted as visible blue light toenhance fabric appearance and maintain whiten

33、ess or bright-ness.foama mass of bubbles formed on liquids by agitation.foaming agenta material that increases the stability of asuspension of gas bubbles in a liquid medium.D 459 08a2FWA buildupthe course of change in fluorescence emissionintensity or fluorescence shade or both, using specifiedexha

34、ust procedure:(1) for a specified number of successive applications ofFWA, or(2) by varying the FWAconcentration in a series of singleapplications.FWA exhaust efficiencya measure of FWA substantivity asexpressed by:(1) exhaust coefficient (E.C.)the ratio of FWA concen-tration taken up by unprewhiten

35、ed substrate, (wt of FWA(s)/wt of substrate) to that concentration of FWA remainingin the bath, (wt of FWA (b)/wt of bath) under specifiedapplication conditions.E.C. 5wt FWA s!/wt substratewt FWA b!/wt bath(2) percent exhaust (%E)the ratio of FWA on thesubstrate (wt FWA (s) obtained under specified

36、conditionsto the total FWA introduced in the original bath (wt FWA(o).FWA fastness (on substrate)degree of change in fluores-cence emission intensity or fluorescence shade or both, whena substrate containing FWA is exposed for a specific lengthof time to any specified natural or artificial environme

37、nt.FWA fluorescence emission intensitythe difference be-tween the Z (CIE standard observer) tri-stimulus value of asample treated with FWA and that of the untreated sampleunder standardized illumination conditions (D65) and view-ing conditions (CIE approved geometry) for any specifiedsubstrate and s

38、pecimen presentation techniques.FWA fluorescence shade(1) the perceived direction of theshift in hue caused by the addition of an FWA to anyspecified near-white substrate (psychological definition), or(2) the wave length at which an extension of the lineconnecting the points on a CIE diagram corresp

39、onding to thechromaticity coordinates (measured under standardized illu-mination conditions (D65) (CIE approved geometry) of theuntreated substrate to those of the treated substrate intersectsthe spectrum locus (psychophysical definition).FWA formulation-dependent fluorescence emission inten-sity ra

40、tiothe fluorescence emission intensity obtainedwith a given FWA on a specified substrate under specifiedconditions in a designated formulation system relative to thatobtained with the same FWA under identical conditions in adifferent formulation.FWA levelnessthe uniformity of distribution of FWA ons

41、ubstrate when applied by a specified method.FWA rate of exhaust indexthe time required for an FWAbath of specified composition to be half-depleted by exhaus-tion onto a particular substrate under specified conditions.FWA stability (in solution)degree of resistance of FWA insolution under specified e

42、xposure condition to specific bathadditives.FWA substrate selectivity ratiothe fluorescence emissionintensity exhibited by a substrate, relative to that obtained ona reference substrate, after treating these in a specified mixedload, using a given FWA, a designated formulation system,and specified c

43、onditions.high efficiency (HE)used in reference to appliances andallied products that use different technologies to reducewater and energy use for laundering processes; because thereis less water to heat, this results in reduced energy usage.high efficiency (HE) detergenta stain and soil-removingcom

44、position specifically formulated to be low-sudsing foruse with HE front- and top-loading washer technologies.DISCUSSIONHE washers use considerably less water and energythan traditional deep-fill washers in the laundering process.high efficiency (HE) front-loading washerstwo basic typeswhich both uti

45、lize technologies that allow for low waterusage during the wash and rinse cycle.DISCUSSION(1) A machine that tumbles fabrics back and forth throughthe water or steam, or both, using detergent and additives toremove stains and soils, as the tub rotates clockwise and thencounterclockwise.(2) Amachine

46、that spins the tub and fabrics while sprayingwater and dispersing detergent and additives through fabrics toremove soils.This technology uses considerably less water andenergy than traditional deep-fill washers in the launderingprocess.high efficiency (HE) washereither a vertically oriented (topload

47、er) or horizontally oriented (front loader) machine usedfor laundry which uses different mechanical methods thanconventional agitator washers to launder fabrics. HE wash-ers use considerably less water and energy than traditionaldeep-fill washers in the laundering process. HE washers arelabeled by t

48、he appliance industry and may be recognized bythe U.S. DOE and U.S. EPA as Energy Stary rated ma-chines.home launderingthe process of cleaning and restoringtextile materials to a serviceable condition using the washingand drying equipment commonly found in the home.hydrophilic (literally, water-lovi

49、ng)a descriptive term ap-plied to the group or radical of a surfactant molecule thatmakes or tends to make it soluble in water.hydrophobic (literally, water-averting)a descriptive termapplied to the moiety of a surfactant molecule that makes it,or tends to make it, insoluble in water.hydrotropythe increase in solubility of a substance which isonly slightly soluble in an aqueous system by the addition ofa third substance. This third substance is called a “hydro-trope” or “hydrotropic agent