ASTM D430-2006(2018) Standard Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration&x2014 Dynamic Fatigue.pdf

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1、Designation: D430 06 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Methods forRubber DeteriorationDynamic Fatigue1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D430; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing procedures th

3、at esti-mate the ability of soft rubber materials to resist dynamicfatigue. No exact correlation between these test results andservice is given or implied. This is due to the varied nature ofservice conditions. These test procedures do yield data that canbe used for the comparative evaluation of rub

4、ber or compositerubber-fabric materials for their ability to resist dynamicfatigue.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated

5、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognize

6、d principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D412 Test Methods for Vul

7、canized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD1349 Practice for RubberStandard Conditions for Test-ingD1682 Test Method for Breaking Load and Elongation ofTextile Fabric (Withdrawn 1992)3D3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD3767 Practice for RubberMeasu

8、rement of DimensionsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustries3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 Three test methods are covered, using the followingdifferent types of apparatus:3.1.1 Method AScott Flexing Machine.3.1.2 Method BD

9、eMattia Flexing Machine.3.1.3 Method CE. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. FlexingMachine.3.1.4 The Scott flexing machine is used principally for testsof Type I, the DeMattia flexing machine for tests of Type II,while the DuPont apparatus is adapted to tests of either Type Ior II, refer to 4.2.4. Signifi

10、cance and Use4.1 Tests for dynamic fatigue are designed to simulate thecontinually repeated distortions received in service by manyrubber articles, such as tires, belts, footwear, and moldedgoods.4.1.1 These distortions may be produced by extension,compressive, and bending forces or combinations the

11、reof.4.1.2 The effect of the distortions is to weaken the rubberuntil surface cracking or rupture occurs. Where rubber iscombined with other flexible materials such as fabric, the effectmay be evidenced by separation at the interface between thematerials, caused either by breaking of the rubber or f

12、ailure ofthe adhesion or both.4.2 These tests are, therefore, of the following two types:4.2.1 Type ITests designed to produce separation ofrubber-fabric combinations by controlled bending of the speci-mens.4.2.2 Type IITests designed to produce cracking on thesurface of rubber by either repeated be

13、nding or extension asmay occur in service.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and Rubber-like Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD11.15 on Degradation Tests.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approv

14、edin 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D430 06 (2012). DOI:10.1520/D0430-06R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document

15、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internatio

16、nally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15. Application5.1 Established specifications, practic

17、es or methods of testas agreed upon between customer and supplier take precedenceover those contained herein.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 Except as may be otherwise specified herein, specimenpreparation shall comply with the requirements of PracticeD3183.7. Test Temperatures and Conditioning7

18、.1 The standard temperature for testing shall be as de-scribed in Practice D1349 for the Standard Laboratory Atmo-sphere 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F).7.2 Controlled temperatures outside the standard range areacceptable and often desirable. Notation of nonstandard testtemperatures shall appear in the report

19、.7.3 Specimens shall be conditioned at the specified tempera-ture for no less than 12 h prior to testing.METHOD A: SCOTT FLEXING MACHINE48. Type of Strain8.1 The Scott flexing machine test method is used to test forply separation in test specimens composed of plies of fabricbonded to rubber compound

20、s (belts, tires, etc.) by controlledbending.9. Test Specimens from Belts9.1 The specimens shall be 209.5 mm (8.25 in.) in length by25 6 2mm(16 0.08 in.) in width.9.2 The thickness shall be measured in accordance withPractice D3767, Procedure A, recorded and reported.9.3 Test specimens selected from

21、samples of belts shall becut lengthwise of the belt and their locations recorded andreported.9.4 The seam area of a folded belt shall not be included inany of the test specimens and the folded edge shall be removedbefore cutting the specimens.9.5 The specimens shall consist of four plies for routine

22、tests, any excess plies being removed by carefully stripping soas not to weaken the remaining bonds.9.5.1 When another number of plies are used in nonroutinetests, the number of plies shall be recorded and reported.10. Test Specimens from Tires10.1 Test specimens from tires shall be cut to the dimen

23、-sions indicated in 10.2.3.1. If suitable test specimens cannot becut from tires it is necessary to prepare special flexing padsamples as described in 10.2.1 10.2.3 from the cord fabricand rubber compounds that are to be tested.10.2 Specimen thickness measurements shall be determinedin accordance wi

24、th Practice D3767, Procedure A.10.2.1 Preparing Unvulcanized Flex Specimen Pads:10.2.1.1 Solution coated, frictioned, or bare cord fabric shallbe calendered with the rubber compound to a total thickness of1.25 mm (0.050 in.).10.2.1.2 Six plies of this material shall be assembled usinga hand roller s

25、o that the plies run in alternate directions. Thefirst, third, and fifth plies shall have the cords lengthwise andthe second, fourth, and sixth plies crosswise of the pad.10.2.1.3 Care shall be taken that the same calendered side ofeach piece is facing up and that each alternate ply crosses atright

26、angles.10.2.1.4 The pad, which shall have a thickness of 7.6 mm(0.300 in.) shall be cut by means of a template and knife todimensions of 125 202 mm (4.94 7.94 in.). The long edgeof the template shall be held parallel with the lengthwise cordsin the specimen pad.10.2.2 Vulcanization of Flexing Pad Sp

27、ecimens:10.2.2.1 The specimen pad shall be vulcanized in a steelmold having single, or multiple, cavities measuring 125 203 8.25 mm (580.325 in.).10.2.2.2 Uniform compression shall be applied over theentire top surface of the specimen pad. This compression,together with slight stretching produced by

28、 the unvulcanizedpad being cut slightly smaller than the cavity, ensures straightcords in the cured specimen pad.10.2.2.3 In order to obtain uniform compression, it isnecessary to make up the difference between the specimen padthickness and the mold depth by means of filler layers ofHolland cloth or

29、 aluminum foil placed on top of the specimenpad.10.2.2.4 These filler layers shall be added until the totalthickness of the assembly is 7.75 mm (0.305 in.).10.2.2.5 A sheet of rubber compound containing curingingredients and measuring 152 228 0.5 mm (690.02in.) shall be placed on top of the specimen

30、 pad and filler layersover the cavity of the mold before the mold cover is placed inposition.10.2.2.6 The purpose of the top rubber layer is to fill theoverflow space and seal the mold. In placing the specimen padin the mold, care shall be taken to keep uppermost that side ofthe specimen pad having

31、the cords running crosswise.10.2.2.7 The total thickness of the material in the mold isthen 8.25 mm (0.325 in.) and expansion will produce anundistorted specimen pad.10.2.2.8 The mold shall be placed in a press under theconditions of pressure, temperature, and time to achievevulcanization of the mat

32、erial.10.2.2.9 After curing, the filler layers shall be removed andthe specimen pad allowed to equilibrate at an ambient tem-perature of between 21 and 32C (70 and 90F) for no less than36 h before being tested.10.2.2.10 Specimen pads made in this manner shall be 203 127 7.07.1 mm (850.2750.280 in.).

33、4MethodAwas originated by General Laboratories, U.S. Rubber Co. For furtherinformation concerning this test see Gibbons, W. A.,“ Flexing Test for Tire CarcassStocks,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, Vol 2, No. 1,Jan. 15, 1930, p. 99; also Sturtevant, W. L., “Rubber Power Tr

34、ansmission Belting,Part IIIFlexing Machine and Dynamometers for Testing Belting Quality,” IndiaRubber World, Vol 83, No. 3, 1930, p. 67.D430 06 (2018)210.2.2.11 Any pads having distorted cords shall not betested.10.2.3 Cutting the Tire Test Specimens from the Pad:10.2.3.1 Four strips, each 203 25 mm

35、 (8 1 in.) shall becut from the tire specimen pad.10.2.3.2 First cut a strip 6.3 to 12.5 mm (0.250 to 0.50 in.)in width from one longitudinal edge of the specimen. Removeand discard this piece.10.2.3.3 Beginning from the first cut, remove four addi-tional strips, taking care to cut the strips straig

36、ht with smoothedges. It is recommended to use a template as a cutting guide.10.2.3.4 In cutting the specimens, there should not be morethan five or six cut longitudinal threads exposed on the twoedges of a six ply specimen. A number of cut threads beyondfive or six is excessive and indicates that ma

37、ny of the threadsof alternate plies are not parallel.11. Number of Test Specimens11.1 At least five specimens from each belt sample or tireand no less than four specimens from each tire specimen padshall be tested and the results averaged as indicated in Section16. Precision may be increased by test

38、ing a greater number ofspecimens.12. Scott Flexing Machine12.1 The essential features of the apparatus, illustrated inFig. 1, are as follows:12.1.1 The Scott flexing machine has five hubs and iscapable of testing up to five specimens at one time. Each hubrotates on a double row, radial type, ball be

39、aring of the greasesealed type with double shields.12.1.2 The test specimens shall be bent around the hubshaving an arc of contact of approximately 165, and the endsshall be gripped by clamps that are oscillated, up and down, byrocker arms driven through a chain of gears by a 190 W(0.25 hp) 1750 rpm

40、 motor.12.1.3 The action on the specimen is a flexing, back andforth, over the hub while held in tension by the loading leverand weight.12.1.4 The specimen has a travel in one direction of66.5 mm (2.62 in.) and a full cycle travel of 132.0 mm (5.2 in.).The speed of operation is approximately 2.7 Hz

41、(160 cpm) withthe number of cycles in each test being recorded by a counteraffixed to each rocker arm.13. Hub Size and Flexing Force13.1 Specimens from belts shall be tested using hubs31.7 mm (1.250 in.) in diameter with a 445 N (100 lbf) flexingforce.13.2 Specimens from tires or tire specimen pads

42、shall betested using hubs 14.3 mm (0.563 in.) in diameter with a 445 N(100 lbf) flexing force.14. Procedure for Belt Specimens14.1 Bend the belt test specimens around the hubs with thepulley side of the belt against the metal and the ends clampedin the grips.14.2 Carefully apply the flexing load wit

43、hout shock, set thecounter to zero, and start the machine. Allow it to run untilsome fine particles, dislodged by friction, may be seen on thewhite plate beneath the hub, which indicates that separation ofthe plies has started.14.3 Frequent inspection of the specimens undergoing testis imperative if

44、 reliable results are to be expected.14.4 When the first indication of ply separation appears,note and record the counter reading. Thereafter watch thespecimen more closely and increase the frequency of theinspection to ensure proper determination of the end point.14.5 When there is a clear separati

45、on across the width of thespecimen it shall be considered to have failed. Record theminimum counter reading for this failure as the end point.Alsorecord the location of the separation.14.6 When a test is started, continue to completion withoutinterruption. However, for the purpose of examining thesp

46、ecimen, each hub may be released momentarily from itsforce by means of the foot lever provided.15. Procedure for Tire Specimens15.1 Mount the tire test specimens with the lengthwise outerply cords against the hub of the machine and test in a mannersimilar to the procedure for belts (Section 14).15.2

47、 After the tire specimen has been run about 10 min, butbefore separation begins, brush a thick coat of molten carnaubawax on the outer side of the specimen at the flexing region.15.3 As soon as separation begins, the temperature of theflexing region increases very rapidly and the wax melts. Themelti

48、ng of the wax starts with a small area and graduallyspreads as separation increases. This serves as a warning thatcomplete separation will occur shortly thereafter. The intervalFIG. 1 Scott Flexing Machine with Five HubsD430 06 (2018)3between the melting of the wax (the time at which separationactua

49、lly starts) and complete separation across the specimenmay not always be the same.NOTE 1A specimen with a short flexing life will show completeseparation soon after the wax melts, whereas a sample with a greaterflexing life might require a time interval two or three times as long.However, with specimens having similar flexing life, the time intervalbetween the melting of the wax and complete separation is fairly constant.16. Calculation16.1 Calculate the result of the test of any sample as theaverage of the number of flexing cycles re