ASTM D1968-2002a(2007) Standard Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products《纸和纸制品相关术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 1968 02a (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Paper and Paper Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1968; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi

2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The terms in this st

3、andard are related to paper and paperproducts.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboardD 548 Test Method for Water-Soluble Acidity or Alkalinityof PaperD 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboa

4、rd, and Related ProductD 586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and PaperProductsD 589 Test Method for Opacity of Paper (15 DiffuseIlluminant A, 89 % Reflectance Backing and Paper Back-ing)D 643 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theSchopper TesterD 645/D 645M Test Method for Thickness o

5、f Paper andPaperboardD 646 Test Method for Grammage of Paper and Paperboard(Mass Per Unit Area)D 727 Test Method for Kerosine Number of Roofing andFlooring Felt by the Vacuum MethodD 774/D 774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of PaperD 778 Test Methods for Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)of Paper E

6、xtracts (Hot-Extraction and Cold-ExtractionProcedures)D 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD 829 Test Methods for Wet Tensile Breaking Strength ofPaper and Paper ProductsD 918 Test Method for Blocking Resistance of Paper andPaperb

7、oardD 919 Test Method for Copper Number of Paper andPaperboardD 984 Test Methods for Reducible Sulfur in PaperD 985 Test Method for Brightness of Pulp, Paper, andPaperboard (Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 2019 Test Method for Dirt in

8、Paper and PaperboardD 2175 Test Method for Book Bulk and Book BulkingNumber of PaperD 2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. TesterD 2482 Test Method for Surface Strength of Paper (WaxPick Method)D 3208 Specification for Manifold Papers for PermanentRecordsD 3290 Specification

9、for Bond and Ledger Papers for Per-manent RecordsD 3301 Specification for File Folders for Storage of Perma-nent RecordsD 3453 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsUrethane for Furniture and Automotive Cushioning, Bed-ding, and Similar ApplicationsD 3458 Specification for Copies from Office

10、Copying Ma-chines for Permanent RecordsD 4431 Specification for Paper Towels for Industrial andInstitutional Use3D 4917 Test Method for Coefficient of Static and KineticFriction of Uncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use ofthe Horizontal Plane MethodD 4918 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Fr

11、iction ofUncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use of theInclined Plane MethodD 4949 Test Method for Determination of D-C Resistivityof Writing Paper (Keithley Method)D 4987 Test Method for Tensile Breaking Strength of Per-forations in One-Part Continuous Forms Paper1This terminology is under the j

12、urisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 onStandard Documents Relating to Paper and Paper Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 200

13、2 as D 1968 02a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100

14、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaperD 5342 Test Method for Resistance to Bending of Paper andPaperboard (Taber-Type Tester in Basic Configuration)D 5625 Test Method for Measuring Length, Width, an

15、dSquareness of Sheeted Paper and Paper ProductsD 5626 Test Methods for U.S. Postal Service Optical Mea-surements for Small AreasD 5634 Guide for Selection of Permanent and DurableOffset and Book PapersD 5650 Test Method for Resistance to Bending of Paper ofLow Bending Stiffness (Taber-Type Tester in

16、 0 to 10 TaberStiffness Unit Configuration)D 5663 Guide for Validating Recycled Content in Packag-ing Paper and PaperboardD 5725 Test Method for Surface Wettability and Absor-bency of Sheeted Materials Using an Automated ContactAngle TesterD 5803 Test Method for Tensile Strength at Zero-Span(“Wet Ze

17、ro-Span Tensile”)D 5804 Test Methods for Zero-Span Tensile Strength (“DryZero-Span Tensile”)D 6043 Guide for Selection of Permanent and DurableArtists Paper3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:acid-sized paper, npaper that has been manufactured usinga procedure or process at pH values below 7 (usually 4.0

18、to6.5) that results in paper that has resistance to aqueous liquidpenetration. See sizing. D 3208, D 3290, D 3301, D 3458,D 5634, D 6043alkaline-filled paper, na paper containing an alkaline fillersuch as calcium carbonate; having a pH value in excess of 7(extract pH usually in the range from 7.5 to

19、 10.0), andcontaining a reserve buffering capacity that can neutralizeacidic materials formed in the paper or acidic gases sorbedfrom the atmosphere. D 3208, D 3290, D 3301, D 3458,D 5634, D 6043alkaline reserve, nthe level, expressed as moles per kilo-gram or percent by weight of paper, of alkaline

20、 materials(such as calcium carbonate) capable of neutralizing eitheracidic degradation products formed in paper during its useand storage, or acidic gases sorbed by the paper from theatmosphere.alkaline-sized paper, npaper that has been manufacturedusing a procedure or process at a pH value above 7

21、(usually7.5 to 10.0) that results in paper that has resistance toaqueous liquid penetration. See sizing. D 3208, D 3290,D 3301, D 3458, D 5634, D 6043ash, nin wood, pulp, or paper; general term, the residueafter the ignition of a specimen of wood, pulp, or paper at aspecified temperature for a speci

22、fied time so as to removecombutable and volatile components. D 586base paper, nthe fiber network existent prior to the appli-cation of any material onto the surface of that fiber network.D 3208, D 3290, D3301, D 3458DISCUSSIONAn example is paper, internally sized, in preparation fora coating or surf

23、ace sizing operation.bending moment, n of paper, the work (force multiplied bythe distance over which it is applied) required to deflect thetest piece under specified conditions. D 5342, D 5650bleached, adjhaving been subjected to the process ofbleaching. D 3301, D 3453, D 5634, D 6043, D 3208,D 329

24、0bleaching, na process involving a chemical or biologicaltreatment of pulp, primarily to increase whiteness andbrightness; such a process may alter or remove noncellulosicmaterials, such as but not limited to lignin, resin, andcolorants.blocking, nof paper or paperboard, undesired cohesion oradhesio

25、n that interferes with the satisfactory and efficient useof the material. D 918blocking resistance, n of paper or paperboard, the capacityof a given paper or paperboard to resist blocking. Seeblocking. D 918bond paper, none of many grades of paper covering a widerange of quality, from grades requiri

26、ng superior permanence,strength and durability to applications where permanenceand durability are less important, but in all cases requiringgood printing properties, color fidelity, erasability, andcleanliness. D 3290book bulk, nthe overall thickness of a given number ofsheets. See thickness. D 2175

27、book paper, na general term for a group of uncoated orcoated papers (exclusive of newsprint) suitable for thegraphic arts. D 5634DISCUSSIONGrammage of book papers is usually in the range from44 to 148 g/m2(basis weight 30 to 100 lb, 25 x 38 in. 500 sheets).They are characterized by a wide variety of

28、 surface finishes (forexample, antique, eggshell, machine, English, dull, matte, supercalen-dered, glossy, etc.), with good formation, printability and cleanliness.breaking length, nof pulp and paper, a calculated valueexpressed as the length of a strip of paper, usually stated inmetres, which would

29、 break of its own weight when sus-pended vertically; calculated from the tensile strength andthe basis weight of the sheet. D 828brightness, nin paper and paperboard, reflectance of aninfinitely thick stack of material measured for blue light withcentroid wavelength of 457 nm under specified spectra

30、l andgeometric conditions. D 828bulking number, n of paper, the number of sheets requiredto produce a stack of 25 mm thickness (approximately 1 in.).See thickness. D 2175bursting strengthof paper or paperboard, the maximumliquid pressure required to produce rupture of the materialwhen the pressure i

31、s increased at a controlled rate through arubber diaphragm to a constrained circular area of thematerial. D 774/D 774Mbursting strength “points”, nin paper, a unit of measure forbursting strength, measured in pounds per square inch, thatshould be considered colloquial and directly interchangeablewit

32、h “pounds per square inch”. See bursting strength.D 774/D 774Mcaliper, nof paper and paperboard, see thickness.D 1968 02a (2007)2chemical pulp, nfibrous material obtained by a predomi-nantly chemical treatment of wood or other plant material;principal processes are sulfate (also known as kraft), sul

33、fite,and soda. (see mechanical pulp and semichemical pulp)coated paper, npaper which has been coated on one or bothsides with a minimum coat weight of 2.5 lb/3300-ft2(3.7g/m2) of coating material per side. see coating. D 3458coating, nof paper, the layer of pigment and adhesiveapplied to the surface

34、 of paper or paperboard to create a newsurface. D 5634DISCUSSIONPaper is coated to improve smoothness and the effi-ciency of printing. Although the kind and amount of coating areimportant, the purchaser is concerned with performance, that is,smoothness, resistance to pick, printability, etc.cockle,

35、nof paper, a defective, puckered condition of a papersheet as a result of non-uniform hygro-expansion which canbe related to any non-uniformity in the sheet, including massdistribution and drying stresses.cockle finish, n of paper, an intentional rough, puckeredsurface, typically obtained by rewetti

36、ng and drying of apaper sheet without physical restraint.coefficient of kinetic or sliding friction, nof paper, the ratioof the force required to sustain the uniform relative move-ment of the surfaces, to the normal force. D 4917, D 4918coefficient of static or starting friction, nof paper, the rati

37、oof the force resisting initial motion of the surfaces, to thenormal force. D 4917, D 4918contact angle, n for paper wettability, the angle formed bya paper substrate and the tangent to the surface of the liquiddrop at the point of contact with the substrate whenmeasured under specified conditions.

38、D 5725contaminant, na general term applicable to various extra-neous and undesirable materials in pulp or other papermak-ing raw materials.DISCUSSIONThe term contaminant may in some instances refer tomaterials such as adhesives, wet strength resins, inks, dirt, coatings,toners, asphalt, plastics, ru

39、bber, and so forth.continuous form, na quantity of paper made up of numer-ous connected individual perforated sheets, folded to form apack. D 4987copper numberthe weight in grams of copper reduced fromthe cupric to the cuprous state by exposure to 100 g of paper,paperboard, or pulp as determined by

40、a specified method;indicates the relative number of reducing groups in the pulpor paper and is used as a measure of its chemical quality andstability. D 919cotton linters, nthe short fibers adhering to cottonseed afterthe operation of ginning (seed removal and cleaning); cutfrom the seed in a series

41、 of passes through cutting blades andreferred to as “first-cut linters,” “second-cut linters,” “millrun,” and so forth; used primarily in the manufacture ofcotton fiber content paper and cellulose derivatives.critical wax strength number, nin paper surface strength,the average highest numerical desi

42、gnation of wax that doesnot disturb the surface of the paper whose surface strength istested by the wax pick method under specified conditions.See pick. D 2482cross directionthe direction of the paper or paperboard atright angles to the machine direction. Sometimes referred toas CD, CMD (cross machi

43、ne direction), and across machinedirection. D 528degradation, nchange of a chemical compound to a lesscomplex compound (dictionary definition).dirt, ngeneral term, any undesirable, extraneous, or con-tamination material visible in transmitted or reflected light inor on pulp, paper, or paperboard.dir

44、t, nquantitative term, any undesirable, extraneous, orcontaminating material in or on pulp, paper or paperboard,that has marked contrasting color to the rest of the sheetwhen viewed at more than one angle by reflected light, andthat has an equivalent black area of 0.04 mm2or more. Seedirt, equivalen

45、t black area of a dirt speck (EBA).dirt, nequivalent black area of a dirt speck (EBA), the areaof the black spot on the white background of the TAPPIStandard Dirt Chart that makes the same visual impressionon its background as does the dirt speck on the particularbackground in which it is embedded.

46、D 2019DISCUSSIONIt follows that the estimated equivalent black area of agray or colored speck would be smaller than its actual area in inverseproportion to the intensity of its color contrast with its background. Theequivalent area of a black spot in a dark brown paper would beconsiderably smaller t

47、han its actual area, and rightly so, since itspresence would not be as pronounced as it would be if it wereembedded in a white sheet.double fold, n of paper, one complete oscillation of thepaper test specimen, during which it is folded first forward,then backward about the same base. D 643durability

48、, nof paper, the capacity of paper or paperboard toresist the effects of wear in performance situations.D 3208, D 3290, D 3301, D 3458, D 5634, D 6043DISCUSSIONDurability should not be used interchangeably withpermanence. For example, paper money should be durable, butmaximum permanence is not essen

49、tial.elastic limit, n of paper and paperboard, the value of paperor paperboard tensile force above which the ratio of the rateof change in the tensile force to the rate of change in lengthis no longer constant. See elongation and tensile strength.D 828elastic region, n of paper and paperboard, the region oftensile force-elongation behavior of a specific paper orpaperboard where the ratio of the rate of change in the tensileforce to the rate of change in length is constant. Seeelongation and tensile strength. D 828elongation, nof p