ASTM D1452 D1452M-2016 Standard Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings《以螺旋钻进行土壤勘探和取样的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1452 09D1452/D1452M 16Standard Practice forSoil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1452;D1452/D1452M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea

2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers equip

3、ment and procedures for the use of earth augers in shallow depth geotechnical exploration. Thispractice does not apply to hollow-stem augers. Uses of hollow-stem auger drilling methods for geotechnical exploration areaddressed in Test Method D6151. Samples recovered from this standard are considered

4、 as belonging to GroupAor B in accordancewith D4220. The samples are disturbed and can generally be used for classification testing (D2487, D2488), determination ofcompaction characteristics (D698, D1557), or any other standard that requires bulk samples. For obtaining intact samples use ofthin-wall

5、ed sample tubes (D1587) in conjunction with fluid rotary drilling (D5783) or hollow-stem augers (D6151.) may beconsidered.1.2 This practice does not include considerations for geoenvironmental site characteristics and installation of monitoring wellswhich are discussed in Guide D5784.1.3 The values

6、stated in either inch-pound units or SI units presented in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.stated in each system may not be exact equivale

7、nts; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026 unless sup

8、erseded by this method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior t

9、o use.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM sta

10、ndard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the do

11、cument has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Meth

12、ods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2487 Practice for C

13、lassification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D1

14、8.02 on Sampling and RelatedField Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2009Nov. 1, 2016. Published March 2009November 2016. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20072009as D1452 07a.D1452 09. DOI: 10.1520/D1452-09.10.1520/D1452_D1452M-16.2 For refe

15、rencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide t

16、he user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the stand

17、ard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil S

18、amplesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)(Withdrawn 2010)3D5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironme

19、ntal Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6151 Practi

20、ce for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Sampling3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cutter bita bit where there are no moving

21、parts, but drilling occurs due to shearing, scraping or abrasion of the rock.Cutter bits can be either polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) or grit hot-pressed inserts (GHI) or natural diamond.3.2.2 pilot bita small bit that drills a first hole to guide a larger drill bit - the cutting part of a dr

22、ill; usually pointed andreplaceable.4. Significance and Use4.1 Auger borings often provide the simplest method of soil exploration and sampling. They may be used for any purpose wheredisturbed samples can be used and are valuable in connection with groundwater level determination and indication of c

23、hanges instrata and advancement of hole for split-barrel penetration tests and sampling (Test Method D1586) and thin-walled tube sampling(Practice D1587). Equipment required is simple and readily available. Depths of auger explorations are, however, limited bygroundwater conditions, soil characteris

24、tics, and the equipment used.5. Apparatus5.1 Hand-Operated Augers:5.1.1 Screw Type Augers, (Fig. 1) consisting of a flat thin metal strip, machine twisted to a spiral configuration of uniform pitch;having at one end, a sharpened or hardened point, with a means of attaching a shaft or extension at th

25、e opposite end. Smalllightweight augers are generally available in sizes from 1 through 3 in. 25 through 75 mm.5.1.2 Helical Augers,Ship-Type Auger, (Fig. 12(a) small lightweight augers generally available in sizes from 1 through 3 in.(25.4 through 76.2 mm).) similar to a carpenters wood bit. It is

26、generally forged from steel and machined to the desired size andconfiguration. It is normally provided with sharpened and hardened nibs at the point end and with an integral shaft extendingthrough its length for attachment of a handle or extension at the opposite end.5.1.1.1 Spiral-Type Auger, consi

27、sting of a flat thin metal strip, machine twisted to a spiral configuration of uniform pitch; havingat one end, a sharpened or hardened point, with a means of attaching a shaft or extension at the opposite end.5.1.1.2 Ship-Type AugerSimilar to a carpenters wood bit. It is generally forged from steel

28、 and machined to the desired sizeand configuration. It is normally provided with sharpened and hardened nibs at the point end and with an integral shaft extendingthrough its length for attachment of a handle or extension at the opposite end.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is

29、referenced on www.astm.org.FIG. 1 Hand AugersScrew-Type AugerD1452/D1452M 1625.1.3 Open Tubular Augers, (Fig. 13(b) ranging in size from 1.5 through 8 in. (38.140 through 203.2 mm)200 mm andhaving the common characteristic of appearing essentially tubular when viewed from the digging end.5.1.2.1 Orc

30、hard-Barrel Type, (Fig. 1(c) consisting essentially of a tube having cutting lips or nibs hardened and sharpened topenetrate the formation on one end and an adaptor fitting for an extension or handle on the opposite end.5.1.2.2 Open-Spiral Type, consisting of a flat thin metal strip that has been he

31、lically wound around a circular mandrel to forma spiral in which the flat faces of the strip are parallel to the axis of the augered hole. The lower helix edges are hard-faced toimprove wear characteristics. The opposite end is fitted with an adaptor for extension.5.1.2.3 Closed-Spiral TypeNearly id

32、entical to the open-spiral type except the pitch of the helically wound spiral is much lessthan that of the open-spiral type.5.1.4 Barrel Auger Types, (Fig. 4) the barrel auger is a complete cylinder. The cutting blades are cupped so that soil is loosenedand forced into the barrel as the unit is rot

33、ated and pushed into the ground. Each filling of the barrel corresponds to a depth ofpenetration of 3 to 5 in. 75 to 125 mm. The most popular barrel diameter is 3.5 in. 90 mm, but sizes ranging from 1.5 to 7 in.40 to 180 mm are available.5.1.4.1 Sand Augers, (Fig. 4 (c)For dry, sandy soils it may be

34、 necessary to use a variation of the regular barrel auger thatincludes a specially-formed bit to retain the sample in the barrel. Sand augers with 2, 3, or 4-in. 50, 75, or 100-mm diametersare available.5.1.4.2 Mud Augers, (Fig. 4 (d)Another variation on the regular barrel auger design is available

35、for sampling wet, clayeysoils.As shown in Fig. 4(d), the barrel is designed with open sides to facilitate extraction of samples. The bits are the same as thoseused on the regular barrel auger. Mud augers with 2, 3, or 4-in. 50, 75, or 100-mm diameters are available.5.1.5 Post-Hole Augers, generally

36、2 through 8 in. (50.850 through 203.2 mm),200 mm, and having in common a means ofblocking the escape of soil from the auger.5.1.3.1 Clam-Shell Type, (Fig. 2(a) consisting of two halves, hinged to allow opening and closing for alternately digging andretrieving. It is not usable deeper than about 3.5

37、ft (1.07 m).5.1.5.1 Iwan Type, (Fig. 25(b) consisting of two tubular steel segments, connected at the top to a common member to forma nearly complete tube, but with diametrically opposed openings. It is connected at the bottom by two radial blades pitched to serveas cutters which also block the esca

38、pe of contained soil. Attachment of handle or extension is at the top connector.FIG. 2 Post-Hole AugersShip-Type AugerFIG. 3 Machine-Operated AugersOpen Tubular AugerD1452/D1452M 1635.1.5.2 Dutch-Type Augers, (Fig. 6) is a smaller variation of the post-hole auger design. The pointed bit is continuou

39、s with two,narrow part-cylindrical barrel segments, welded onto the shanks. The barrel generally has a 3 in. 75 mm outside diameter. Thistool is best suited for sampling wet, clayey soils.5.2 Machine-Operated Augers: AugersA drill rig is commonly employed to rotate and advance an auger column. The d

40、rillrig should be capable of applying the rated power at a rotary velocity of 50 to 100 r/min. The drill rig should have a feed strokeof at least the effective length of the auger sections plus the effective length of the auger couplings.5.2.1 Helical Augers, (Fig. 37(a) generally 4 through 48 in. (

41、101.6100 through 1219 mm),1200 mm, consisting essentiallyof a center shaft fitted with a shank or socket for application of power, and having one to six complete 360 (6.28-rad)6-rad spiralsfor conveyance and storage of cut soil. Cutter bits and pilot bits are available in moderate and hard formation

42、 types and normallyreplaceable in the field. They are normally operated by heavy-duty, high-torque machines, designed for heavy construction work.5.2.2 Stinger Augers, generally 3 through 30 in. (76.275 through 762 mm),750 mm, are similar to the helical auger in 5.2.1,but lighter and generally small

43、er. They are commonly operated by light-duty machines for post and power pole holes.5.2.3 Disk Augers, (Fig. 38(b) generally 10 through 30 in. (254250 through 762 mm),750 mm, consisting essentially of aflat, steel disk with diametrically opposed segments removed and having a shank or socket located

44、centrally for application ofpower. Replaceable cutter bits, located downward from the leading edges of the remaining disk, dig and load soil that is held onFIG. 4 Barrel Auger TypesFIG. 5 Iwan-Type AugerD1452/D1452M 164the disk by valves or shutters hinged at the disk in order to close the removed s

45、egments. The disk auger is specifically designedto be operated by machines having limited vertical clearance between spindle and ground surface.5.2.4 Bucket Auger, (Fig. 39(c) ) shows various types of bucket augers, generally 12 through 48 in. (304.8300 through 1219mm),1200 mm, consisting essentiall

46、y of a disk auger, without shank or socket, but hinge-mounted to the bottom of a steel tubeor bucket of approximately the same diameter as the disk auger.Asocket or shank for power application is located in the top centerof the bucket diametral cross piece provided for the purpose.5.3 Casing (when n

47、eeded), consisting of pipe of slightly larger diameter than the auger used.FIG. 6 Dutch-Type AugerFIG. 7 Helical AugerFIG. 8 Disk AugerD1452/D1452M 1655.4 Accessory EquipmentLabels, field log sheets, sample jars, sealing wax, sample bags, coolers, and other necessary toolsand supplies.6. Procedure6.

48、1 GeneralPerform a survey of underground and all other utilities prior to beginning exploration to identify and evaluatepossible hazards. Check overhead obstructions or hazards, such as, power lines, before raising the mast of a drill rig or liftingequipment overhead.6.2 MakeAdvance the auger boring

49、 by rotating and advancing to the desired distancedepth into the soil. Withdraw the augerfrom the hole and remove the soil for examination and test. Return the empty auger to the hole and repeat the procedure. Continuethe sequence until the required depth is reached.6.3 Withdraw the auger in a straight pull from the hole leaving the auger materials as nearly in place as practical.6.4 Remove the soil for examination and classify the soil samples recovered in accordance with Practice D2488.6.5 Place one or more repres