ASTM D1356-2017 Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres《大气取样与分析相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1356 15bD1356 17Standard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision

2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to generalinterest,

3、it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2.The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right mar

4、gin of the applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific tostandards and practices of Committee D22.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospher

5、es. As a convenience to generalinterest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2.The standards of origi

6、n are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific tostandards and practices of Committee D22.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance w

7、ith internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards

8、:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient AtmosphereD3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer ProceduresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric PressureD3670 Guide for Determi

9、nation of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22D3686 Practice for SamplingAtmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal TubeAdsorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption MethodD4023 Terminolo

10、gy Relating to Humidity Measurements (Withdrawn 2002)3D4096 Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (HighVolume SamplerMethod)D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in Workplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Pe

11、rmeation Tubes to Establish TraceabilityD4597 Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive SamplersD5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using Transfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition Samples by Electr

12、ometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved Nov.

13、 1, 2015Nov. 15, 2017. Published December 2015November 2017. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2015as D1356 15a.D1356 15b. DOI: 10.1520/D1356-15B.10.1520/D1356-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serv

14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of a

15、n ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publi

16、shed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban LocationsD5366 Test Method f

17、or Determining the Dynamic Performance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical AnalysisD5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodology)D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic

18、 MeansD5755 Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy forAsbestos Structure Number Surface LoadingD6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol SamplersD6196 Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and The

19、rmal Desorption Analytical Conditions for MonitoringVolatile Organic Chemicals in AirD6246 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive SamplersD6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in Weighing Collected AerosolsD6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Workplace Air

20、Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometryD7036 Practice for Competence of Air Emission Testing BodiesD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in BuildingsD7391 Test Method

21、 for Categorization and Quantification of Airborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial Impaction Sample byOptical MicroscopyD7439 Test Method for Determination of Elements in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled PlasmaMassSpectrometryD7459 Practice for Collection of Integrated Samples for

22、 the Speciation of Biomass (Biogenic) and Fossil-Derived CarbonDioxide Emitted from Stationary Emissions SourcesD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker ProtectionD7675 Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrocarbons in Hydrogen by FID-Based Total Hydro

23、carbon (THC) AnalyzerE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous SolutionsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma

24、 Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),FlameAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite FurnaceAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination2.2 Other Documents:ECC Directive 9

25、8/24/EC Risks Related to Chemical Agents at Work4EN 1540:2011 Workplace Exposure Terminology5EPA 540-R-04-004, 2004 Contract Laboratory Program National Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review6ISO 3534-2 Statistics Vocabulary and Symbols Part 2: Applied Statistics7ISO 7708 Air Quality Partic

26、le Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling7ISO 13137 Workplace Atmospheres Pumps for Personal Sampling of Chemical and Biological Agents Requirements andTest Methods7ISO 15202-2 Workplace Air Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively CoupledPl

27、asma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Part 2: Sample Preparation7ISO 15202-3 Workplace Air Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively CoupledPlasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Part 3: Analysis73. Terminologyabsolute temperaturesee temperature.absolute filtersee

28、 filter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of the reciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process of absorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.4 Available from EUR-Lex, http:/eur-lex.europa.eu.5 Available from European Committee for S

29、tandardization (CEN), Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.6 Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.7 Available from International Organization for

30、 Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.D1356 172absorption, na process in which one material (the absorbent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the formationof an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of a solutio

31、n.DISCUSSIONChemical reaction may accompany or follow absorption.acceptance angle (6, deg), nthe angular distance, centered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the following conditionsare met: (a) wind components are unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructed or

32、 remains withinthe angular range for which transducer shadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capability of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in certainspecific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increas

33、e in size of particles by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated by a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value andincludes both precision and bias. D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance between transducer transmit

34、ter-receiver pairs. D5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properly conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process of adsorption.adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorption takes place.adsorption, na physical proc

35、ess in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremely thinlayer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium.agency, nan organization or part of an organization engaged i

36、n the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 % relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mm Hg). See alsoat

37、mosphere.air emission testing body, na company or other entity that conducts Air Emission Testing. D7036air pollution, nthe presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material in sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under cir

38、cumstances to interferesignificantly with comfort, health, or welfare of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can be expressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.analytical recovery, nratio of the

39、mass of analyte measured to the known mass of analyte in the sample, typically expressed asa percentage. D7439analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to perform automatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physical andchemical properties and giving either cyclic or continuous output

40、signal. D3249analyzer system,nall sampling, analyzing, and readout instrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analysisautomatically. D3249full scale,nthe maximum measuring limit for a given range of an analyzer. D3249lag time,nthe time interval from a step change in the input concentrat

41、ion at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding changein the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity,nthe maximum deviation between an actual analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line drawnbetween upper and lower calibration points.DISCUSSIOND1356 173This deviation is expres

42、sed as a percentage of full scale. D3249minimum detection limit,nthe smallest input concentration that can be determined as the concentration approaches zero. D3249noise,nrandom deviations from a mean output not caused by sample concentration changes. D3249open path analyzer,nan analytical system th

43、at measures the average atmospheric or emission compound concentration alongone or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere. See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer,nthe range of ambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, over which theanalyzer will meet all perf

44、ormance specifications. D3249operating temperature range of analyzer,nthe range of ambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, over which themonitor will meet all performance specifications. D3249operational period,nthe period of time over which the analyzer can be expected to operate unat

45、tended within specifications.D3249output,na signal that is related to the measurement, and intended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as millivolts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249range,nthe concentra

46、tion region between the minimum and maximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation,noutput meters, recorder, or data acquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249response time,nthe time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output r

47、eading of 90 %of the ultimate reading. D3249rise time,nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system,nequipment necessary to provide the analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift,nthe change in analyzer output over a stated time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuou

48、s operation, whenthe input concentration is at a constant, stated upscale value.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is usually expressed as a percentage change of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift,nthe change in analyzer output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation w

49、hen the inputconcentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage change of full scale over a 24-h operational period.See also point analyzer. D3249analyzer systemsee analyzer.area samplersee static sampler.area samplingsee static sampling.arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.aspect ratio, nratio of the length of a particle to its width. adapted from D5755aspirated psychrometersee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump, or venturi that produces a mov