ASTM D1356-2014a Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres《大气取样与分析相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1356 14D1356 14aStandard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision

2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to generalinterest,

3、it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2.The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right mar

4、gin of the applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific tostandards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atm

5、osphereD3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer ProceduresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric PressureD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22D3686

6、 Practice for SamplingAtmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal TubeAdsorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption MethodD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements (Withdrawn 2002)3D4096 T

7、est Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (HighVolume SamplerMethod)D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration in Workplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Establish TraceabilityD5011 Practices for C

8、alibration of Ozone Monitors Using Transfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition Samples by Electrometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller AnemometerD5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Mo

9、nitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban LocationsD5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Performance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical AnalysisD5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodology)

10、D5527 Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic MeansD6061 Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Respirable Aerosol SamplersD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile OrganicCompounds in AirD6246 Practice fo

11、r Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive SamplersD6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors in Weighing Collected AerosolsD7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in BuildingsD7391 Test Method for Categorization and Quantification of Airborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial Impact

12、ion Sample byOptical Microscopy1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014May 1, 2014. Published February 2014June 2014. Originally approved in 1955

13、. Last previous edition approved in 20102014 asD1356 - 05 (2010).D1356 14. DOI: 10.1520/D1356-14.10.1520/D1356-14A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to th

14、e standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous

15、version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Interna

16、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous SolutionsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building Economics2.

17、2 Other Documents:ISO 7708 Air Quality Particle Size Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling43. Terminologyabsolute temperatureSee temperature.absolute filterSee filter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of the reciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retaine

18、d by the process of absorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one material (the absorbent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the formationof an homogeneous mixture having the attributes of a solution.DISCUSSIONChemical reaction may acc

19、ompany or follow absorption.acceptance angle (6, deg), nthe angular distance, centered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the following conditionsare met: (a) wind components are unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructed or remains withinthe angular range for

20、which transducer shadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capability of a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, in certainspecific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increase in size of particles by the process

21、 of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated by a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true value andincludes both precision and bias. D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance between transducer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527activated ch

22、arcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properly conditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the process of adsorption.adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorption takes place.adsorption, na physical process in which molecules of gas, of dis

23、solved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremely thinlayer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium.agency, nan organization or part of an organization engaged in the activities of testing or inspec

24、tion, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 % relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mm Hg). See alsoatmosphere.air pollution, nthe presence

25、 of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material in sufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and under circumstances to interferesignificantly with comfort, health, or welfare of persons, or with the full use and enjoyment of property.ali

26、quot, na representative portion of the whole that can be expressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.4 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.D1356 14a2ana

27、lyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to perform automatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physical andchemical properties and giving either cyclic or continuous output signal. D3249analyzer system, nall sampling, analyzing, and readout instrumentation required to perform ambient a

28、ir quality analysisautomatically. D3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a given range of an analyzer. D3249lag time, nthe time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the analyzer inlet to the first corresponding changein the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity, nth

29、e maximum deviation between an actual analyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight line drawnbetween upper and lower calibration points.DISCUSSIONThis deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale. D3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentration that can be determi

30、ned as the concentration approaches zero.D3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not caused by sample concentration changes. D3249open path analyzer, nan analytical system that measures the average atmospheric or emission compound concentration alongone or more monitoring paths open to the

31、 atmosphere. See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range of ambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer, over which theanalyzer will meet all performance specifications. D3249operating temperature range of analyzer, nthe range of ambient temperatures of air sur

32、rounding the analyzer, over which themonitor will meet all performance specifications. D3249operational period, nthe period of time over which the analyzer can be expected to operate unattended within specifications.D3249output, na signal that is related to the measurement, and intended for connecti

33、on to a readout or data acquisition device.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as millivolts or milliamperes full scale at a given impedance. D3249range, nthe concentration region between the minimum and maximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation, noutput meters, re

34、corder, or data acquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249response time, nthe time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading of90 % of the ultimate reading. D3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system, neq

35、uipment necessary to provide the analyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a stated time period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation, whenthe input concentration is at a constant, stated upscale value.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is us

36、ually expressed as a percentage change of full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the inputconcentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage change of full scale over a 24-h op

37、erational period.See also point analyzer. D3249analyzer systemSee analyzer.arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.aspirated psychrometerSee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid by suction.atmosphere, nthe gaseo

38、us envelope which surrounds the earth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air. See alsoair at normal conditions.synthetic atmosphere, na specific gaseous mass containing any number of constituents and in any proportion produced for aspecial purpose.D1356 14a3backdrafting, nthe revers

39、al of the normal (upward) direction of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance (boiler,fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the vented appliance is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the method average value or the measured value from an accepted value. D3670la

40、boratory bias, nsystematic differences between the true value and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contamination, miscalibration, and faulty manipulations, for example. D3670method bias, nsystematic departures of the limiting mean from the true value of th

41、e parameter measured caused by physicalor chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology. D3670boroscope, ndevice for internal inspection of difficult access locations such as wall cavities. Its long narrow tube contains atelescope system with a number of relay lenses. Light is provided via the opti

42、cal path or fiber bundles. D7338breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at which persons breathe.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas disperser immersed in an absorbing liquid.fritted bubbler, na bubbler having a frit as the gas disperser.building envelope, nthe outer elements of

43、 a building, both above and below ground, which divide the external from the internalenvironments. D7338E631DISCUSSIONCommonly included are exterior walls, windows, doors, roofs and subfloors.candidate method, nan analytical method or measurement process being considered for standardization.DISCUSSI

44、ONAmethod is a candidate until completion of all phases of the consensus process specified byASTM regulations for a proposal, an emergency standard,or a standard. D3670capillary action, n(or capillary migration), of water, movement of water induced by the force of molecular attraction (surfacetensio

45、n) between the water and the material it contacts. E631D7338cascade impactorSee impactor.carpet-embedded dustSee dust.chemisorption, nadsorption, especially when irreversible, by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces.chimney effect, na phenomenon consisting of a vertical movement

46、 of a localized mass of air or other gases due to temperaturedifferences.circular impaction sample, na sample of airborne particulate matter collected via a device that draws air through a roundaperture at a specified rate, impacting the particles suspended in the air onto an adhesive medium, result

47、ing in a circular areaof deposition. A circular impaction sample may be collected by means of a cassette manufactured for that purpose, or by meansof a sampling device that requires slides to be pre-coated with impaction medium. D7391cloud, nany collection of particulate matter in the atmosphere den

48、se enough to be perceptible to the eye, especially a collectionof water drops.cloud water, nan aggregate of condensed water vapor or ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.DISCUSSIONCloud water droplet sizes are typically less than those of precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 m in

49、diameter. D5111cloud waterSee cloud.coalescence, na process by which the particles of a dispersion combine into one body.collaborative test, nan interlaboratory study of a test method wherein the participants analyze or make measurements onsubsamples of the same test material.DISCUSSIOND1356 14a4If the test method includes the sampling of atmospheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere, as possible. D3670collection effciencySee efficiency.collector, na device for remov