ASTM D1356-2014 Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres《大气取样和分析的相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1356 14Standard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe

2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating tosampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience togeneral interest, it contain

3、s most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the rightmargin of the a

4、pplicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD3249 P

5、ractice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D3686 Practice for Sa

6、mpling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurements(Withdrawn 2002)3D4096 Test Method for

7、Determination of Total SuspendedParticulate Matter in theAtmosphere (HighVolume Sam-pler Method)D4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inWorkplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-tablish TraceabilityD5011 Practices for Calibration of O

8、zone Monitors UsingTransfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet DepositionSamples by Electrometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of aCup Anemometer or Propeller AnemometerD5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-ods to Monitor Atmospheric

9、 Deposition at Non-UrbanLocationsD5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-mance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D5527 Practices fo

10、r Measuring Surface Wind and Tempera-ture by Acoustic MeansD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD7338 Guide for Assessment Of Fungal Growth in Build-ingsD7391 Test Method for Categorization and Quantificat

11、ion ofAirborne Fungal Structures in an Inertial ImpactionSample by Optical MicroscopyE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous SolutionsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building Economics1This term

12、inology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1356 - 05 (2010).DO

13、I: 10.1520/D1356-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this histor

14、ical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminologyabsolute temperatureSee temperature.absolute filterSee filter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of thereciprocal of tr

15、ansmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the processof absorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one material (the absor-bent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with theformation of an homogeneous mixture having the attrib

16、utesof a solution.DISCUSSIONChemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-tion.acceptance angle (6, deg), nthe angular distance, centeredon the array axis of symmetry, over which the followingconditions are met: (a) wind components are unambiguouslydefined, and (b) flow across the transducers is

17、unobstructedor remains within the angular range for which transducershadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capabilityof a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, incertain specific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting o

18、f the increase in sizeof particles by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated bya specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true valueand includes both precision and bias. D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance be-tween transdu

19、cer transmitter-receiver pairs. D5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properlyconditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the processof adsorption.adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorp-tion takes place.adsorption, na ph

20、ysical process in which molecules of gas,of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremelythin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they arein contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in agaseous medium.agency, nan organization or part of an organization e

21、ngagedin the activities of testing or inspection, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion wherebythe particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 %relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mmHg). See al

22、so atmosphere.air pollution, nthe presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material insufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and undercircumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfareof persons, or with th

23、e full use and enjoyment of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can beexpressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to performautomatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physicaland chemi

24、cal properties and giving either cyclic or continu-ous output signal. D3249analyzer system, nall sampling, analyzing, and readoutinstrumentation required to perform ambient air quality analy-sis automatically. D3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a givenrange of an analyzer. D3249lag ti

25、me, nthe time interval from a step change in the inputconcentration at the analyzer inlet to the first correspondingchange in the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity, nthe maximum deviation between an actualanalyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight linedrawn between upper and lowe

26、r calibration points.DISCUSSIONThis deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.D3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentrationthat can be determined as the concentration approaches zero.D3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not causedby sample concentration chan

27、ges. D3249open path analyzer, nan analytical system that measuresthe average atmospheric or emission compound concentrationalong one or more monitoring paths open to the atmosphere.See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient relative humidity of air surrounding the

28、 analyzer, overwhich the analyzer will meet all performance specifications.D3249operating temperature range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the monitor will meet all performance specifications.D3249operational period, nthe period of time over

29、 which theanalyzer can be expected to operate unattended withinspecifications. D3249output, na signal that is related to the measurement, andintended for connection to a readout or data acquisition device.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-volts or milliamperes full sc

30、ale at a given impedance. D3249range, nthe concentration region between the minimumand maximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation, noutput meters, recorder, or dataacquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249D1356 142response time, nthe time interval from a step change in

31、 theinput concentration at the analyzer inlet to an output reading of90 % of the ultimate reading. D3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system, nequipment necessary to provide theanalyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output o

32、ver a statedtime period, usually 24 h of unadjusted continuous operation,when the input concentration is at a constant, stated upscalevalue.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output ov

33、er a statedtime period of unadjusted continuous operation when the inputconcentration is zero; usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period.See also point analyzer. D3249analyzer systemSee analyzer.arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.aspirated psychro

34、meterSee psychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan,pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid bysuction.atmosphere, nthe gaseous envelope which surrounds theearth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air.See also air at normal conditions.synthetic at

35、mosphere, na specific gaseous mass containingany number of constituents and in any proportion produced fora special purpose.backdrafting, nthe reversal of the normal (upward) direc-tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the ven

36、tedappliance is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the methodaverage value or the measured value from an accepted value.D3670laboratory bias, nsystematic differences between the truevalue and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contaminati

37、on, miscalibration, andfaulty manipulations, for example. D3670method bias, nsystematic departures of the limiting meanfrom the true value of the parameter measured caused byphysical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodology.D3670boroscope, ndevice for internal inspection of difficult access

38、locations such as wall cavities. Its long narrow tube containsa telescope system with a number of relay lenses. Light isprovided via the optical path or fiber bundles. D7338breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breathe.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas disper

39、serimmersed in an absorbing liquid.fritted bubbler, na bubbler having a frit as the gasdisperser.building envelope, nthe outer elements of a building, bothabove and below ground, which divide the external from theinternal environments. D7338E631DISCUSSIONCommonly included are exterior walls, windows

40、,doors, roofs and subfloors.candidate method, nan analytical method or measurementprocess being considered for standardization.DISCUSSIONA method is a candidate until completion of all phasesof the consensus process specified byASTM regulations for a proposal,an emergency standard, or a standard. D3

41、670capillary action, n(or capillary migration), of water, move-ment of water induced by the force of molecular attraction(surface tension) between the water and the material itcontacts. E631D7338cascade impactorSee impactor.carpet-embedded dustSee dust.chemisorption, nadsorption, especially when irr

42、eversible,by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical forces.chimney effect, na phenomenon consisting of a verticalmovement of a localized mass of air or other gases due totemperature differences.circular impaction sample, na sample of airborne particu-late matter collected via a device th

43、at draws air through around aperture at a specified rate, impacting the particlessuspended in the air onto an adhesive medium, resulting in acircular area of deposition.Acircular impaction sample maybe collected by means of a cassette manufactured for thatpurpose, or by means of a sampling device th

44、at requiresslides to be pre-coated with impaction medium. D7391cloud, nany collection of particulate matter in the atmo-sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especiallya collection of water drops.cloud water, nan aggregate of condensed water vapor orice crystals that are suspended in the

45、 atmosphere.DISCUSSIONCloud water droplet sizes are typically less than thoseof precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 m in diameter. D5111cloud waterSee cloud.coalescence, na process by which the particles of a disper-sion combine into one body.collaborative test, nan interlaboratory study of a

46、 testmethod wherein the participants analyze or make measure-ments on subsamples of the same test material.DISCUSSIONIf the test method includes the sampling ofatmospheres, the participants should sample the same test atmosphere,as possible. D3670collection effciencySee efficiency.collector, na devi

47、ce for removing and retaining contami-nants from air or other gases.DISCUSSIONUsually this term is applied to cleaning devices inexhaust systems.D1356 143colorimeter, nan instrument used for color measurementbased on optical comparison with standard bustion system downdrafting, nthe reversal of theo

48、rdinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustionsystem when vented combustion appliances are not operat-ing.DISCUSSIONThe term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymouslywith combustion system bustion system spillage, nentry of combustion productsinto a building, caused by backdrafting, vent bloc

49、kage, or aleaky heat exchanger.concentration, nthe quantity of a substance contained in atotal unit quantity of sample.mass concentration, nconcentration expressed in terms ofmass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.ppb(v), na unit of measure of the concentration of gases inair expressed as parts of the gas per billion (109) parts of theair-gas mixture, both by volume.ppm(v), na unit of measure of the concentration of gases inair expressed as parts of th