ASTM D1129-2010 Standard Terminology Relating to Water《水相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D1129 10Standard Terminology Relating toWater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1129; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the

2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.absolute filter rating, nparticle size above which 100 % ofparticles that are trapped on or within the filter medium.D6161absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal ofthe

3、 transmittance (T). A = log10(1/ T) = log10T. D4691absorption, nrelease for desorption holding of a substancewithin a solid by cohesive or capillary forces. D6161absorptivity, nabsorbance (A) divided by the product of thesample path length (b) and the concentration (c). a = A/bc.D4691accelerated ero

4、sion, nerosion at a rate greater than geologicor natural erosion. D4410DISCUSSIONAccelerated erosion is usually associated with anthro-pogenic activities and usually reduces plant cover and increases runoff.acceptable holding time, nany period of time less than orequal to the maximum holding time. D

5、4841acceptable verification ratio (AVR)ratio of the differencebetween measured value of the verification sample and theknown value added to the verification sample to the squareroot of the sum of the squares of their associated combinedstandard uncertainties. See Eq. 8 in 16.2.13. D7282accretion, np

6、rocess of sediment accumulation. D4410accumulator, npulsation dampener installed on the suctionand/or discharge lines of pumps, generally plunger type, tominimize pressure surges and provide uniformity of flow.D6161accuracy, na measure of the degree of conformity of a valuegenerated by a specific pr

7、ocedure to the assumed or acceptedtrue value, and includes both precision and bias.accuracy, ncloseness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. Where an acceptedreference value is not available, accuracy is a description ofa measure of the degree of conformity of a val

8、ue generatedby a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted truevalue, including both precision and bias. D6161accuracy, nmeasure of the degree of conformity of a singletest result generated by a specific procedure to the assumedor accepted true value, and includes both precision and bias.D2777ac

9、curacy, nproportion of the observed count to the truedensity of a sample. D5392accuracy, nrefers to how close a measurement is to the trueor actual value. (See Terminology D1129.) D5906acid error, nin very acid solutions, the activity of water isreduced (less than unity) causing a non-Nernstian resp

10、onsein glass electrodes.Apositive error in the pH reading results.D4127acidity, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions.acidity, nquantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions. D6161acidity, free mineral, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueousmedia t

11、o react with hydroxyl ions to pH 4.3.acidity, theoretical free mineral, nthe free mineral aciditythat would result from the conversion of the anions of strongacids in solution to their respective free acids.acoustic path, nstraight line between the centers of twoacoustic transducers. D5389acoustic p

12、ath length, nface-to-face distance between trans-ducers on an acoustic path. D5389acoustic transducer, ndevice that is used to generateacoustic signals when driven by an electric voltage, andconversely, a device that is used to generate an electricvoltage when excited by an acoustic signal. D5389aco

13、ustic travel time, ntime required for an acoustic signalto propagate along an acoustic path, either upstream ordownstream. D5389action level, nconcentration of the analyte of concern atwhich some further action is required or suggested. D6850activated carbon, ngranulated or powdered activated car-bo

14、n used to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines, andsome organics from water. A family of carbonaceous sub-stances manufactured by processes that develop adsorptiveproperties. D6161activity, nthermodynamically effective concentration of afree ion in solution. In dilute solutions, ionic activity

15、 andconcentration are practically identical, but in solutions ofhigh ionic strength, or in the presence of complexing agents,activity may differ significantly from concentration. Ionicactivity, not concentration, determines both the rate and the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com

16、mittee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on Quality Systems,Specification, and Statistics.Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1129 06a1. DOI:10.1520/D1129-10.1Copyright

17、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.extent of chemical reactions. D4127activity coefficient, nfactor, g, that relates activity, A,totheconcentration, C of a species in solution:A 5gCThe activity coefficient is dependent on the ionic

18、 strength ofthe solution. Ions of similar size and charge have similaractivity coefficients. D4127activity standard, nstandardizing solution whose value isreported in terms of ionic activity. If the electrode iscalibrated using activity standards, the activity of the free,unbound ion in the sample i

19、s determined. D4127adenosine triphosphatesee ATP. D6161adsorption, nholding of a substance onto the surface of asolid by chemical surface forces, without forming newchemical bonds. D6161aerobic bacteria, nbacteria that require oxygen for growth.See bacteria, aerobes. D6161aerosol, nany solid or liqu

20、id particles, with a nominal sizerange from 10 nm to 100 m, suspended in a gas (usuallyair). D5544agglomeration or flocculation, ncoalescence of dispersedsuspended matter into large flocs or particles that settlerapidly. D4410aggradation, ngeologic process by which stream beds, floodplains, and the

21、bottoms of other water bodies are raised inelevation by the deposition of material eroded and trans-ported by water from other areas. D4410aggregate, ngranular material such as sand, gravel, orcrushed stone. D6161air header, npipe running within a cassette that distributesthe air to the individual m

22、odules or aerators. D6161air scour, vdistributing air over the entire area at the bottomof a filter media flowing upward or immersed membrane toimprove the effectiveness of filtration or backwashing or topermit the use of lower backwash water flow rate, or both.D6161air stripping, vremoval of volati

23、le substances from a watersolution by passing a gas through the solution. D6161algae, nmajor group of lower plants, generally aquatic,photosynthetic of extremely varied morphology and physi-ology, monocellular plants with chlorophyll often masked bya brown or red pigment. D6161alkaline error, nin al

24、kaline solutions, where hydrogen ionactivity becomes very small, some glass electrodes respondto other cations, such as sodium. A negative error in the pHreading results. By changing the composition of the glass,the affinity of the glass for sodium ion can be reduced. Suchelectrodes are known as lit

25、hium glass, high-pH, or full-rangeelectrodes. D4127alkalinity, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueous media toreact with hydrogen ions.alkalinity, nquantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydrogen ions. “M” alkalinity is that which will reactwith acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to

26、 themethylorange endpoint of about 4.5. “P” alkalinity is thatwhich reacts with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced tothe phenolphthalein end point of 8.3. “M” is the totalalkalinity which is the sum of hydroxide, carbonate, andbicarbonate contents, “P” includes all the hydroxyl and halfthe carb

27、onate content. D6161alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS)2generic name applied to theneutralized product resulting from the sulfonation of abranched-chain alkylated benzene. See also TerminologyD459. D2330alluvial channelsee alluvial stream. D4410alluvial depositsediment deposited by the action of movingwat

28、er. D4410alluvial fanssediment deposited in the shape of a segment ofa cone formed because of a sudden flattening of a streamgradient especially at debouchures of tributaries on mainstream flood plains. D4410alluvial stream, nstream whose boundary is composed ofappreciable quantities of the sediment

29、s transported by theflow and which generally changes its bed forms as the rate offlow changes. D4410alleviation, nprocess of accumulating sediment deposits atplaces where the flow is retarded. D4410alluvium, ngeneral term for all fluvial deposits resultingdirectly or indirectly from the sediment tra

30、nsport of (mod-ern) streams, thus including the sediments laid down inriverbeds, flood plains, lakes, fans, and estuaries. D4410alpha (a), nvelocity-head coefficient that adjusts the veloc-ity head computed on basis of the mean velocity to the truevelocity head. D5129alpha (a), nvelocity-head coeffi

31、cient that adjusts the veloc-ity head computed on basis of the mean velocity to the truevelocity head. It is assumed equal to 1.0 if the cross sectionis not subdivided. D5243alpha (a), nvelocity-head coefficient that represents theratio of the true velocity head to the velocity head computedon the b

32、asis of the mean velocity. It is assumed equal to 1.0if the cross section is not subdivided. For subdividedsections, a is computed as follows: D5130a5( Ski3Ai2DKT3AT2where:K and A = the conveyance and area of the subsectionindicated by the subscript i andKTand AT= the conveyance and area of the enti

33、re crosssection.alpha (a), ndimensionless velocity-head coefficient thatrepresents the ratio of the true velocity head to the velocityhead computed on the basis of the mean velocity. It isassumed equal to unity if the cross section is not subdivided.For subdivided sections, a is computed as follows:

34、 D5388a5( Ski3ai2DKT3AT22For a more complete discussion of terms relating to synthetic detergents andtheir significance, refer to “Syndets and Waste Disposal” by McKinney, R. E.,Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol 29, Part 6, June 1957, pp. 654-666.D1129 102where:k and a = the conveyance and area of t

35、he subsectionindicated by the subscript i andKTand AT= the conveyance and area of the total crosssection indicated by the subscript T.alpha particle (a), nparticle consisting of two protons andtwo neutrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom duringradioactive decay. D7316alpha particle detection eff

36、iciency, nin the measurement ofradioactivity, that fraction of alpha particles emitted by asource which are identified as alpha particles by the counter.D7283alpha-to-beta spillover, nin the measurement of radioactiv-ity, that fraction of alpha particles emitted by a source whichare misclassified as

37、 beta particles. D7283alum, naluminum sulfate, AL2(SO4)3XH2O (X = 14-18), acoagulant. D6161ambient temperature, ntemperature of the surroundings,generally assumed to be 2025C. D6161American Water Works Associationsee AWWA. D6161American Water Works Association ResearchFoundationsee AWWARF. D6161amor

38、phous, adjnoncrystalline, devoid of regular cohesivestructure. D6161amperometric systems, nthose instrumental probes thatinvolve the generation of an electrical current from whichthe final measurement is derived. D888amphoteric, advcapable of acting as an acid or a base.D6161anaerobic bacteria, nbac

39、teria that do not use oxygen.Oxygen is toxic to them. See bacteria, anaerobes. D6161analate addition, nvariation of the known addition mea-surement technique in which the sample (analate) is added toa reagent containing the ion being measured. The electrodeis placed in the reagent, and the sample co

40、ncentration iscalculated from the change in electrode potential after theaddition of the sample. D4127analate subtraction, nvariation of the known subtractionmeasurement technique in which the sample (analate) isadded to a reagent containing an ion that reacts with thespecies being determined. The e

41、lectrode is placed in thereagent, the change in electrode potential is observed whenthe sample is added, and the sample concentration calcu-lated. D4127analyte, na possible sample component whose presence andconcentration is of interest.analyte, nchemical or constituent being determined.D5463analyti

42、cal column, nchromatography column that containsthe stationary phase for separation by ion exchange. Thecolumn is packed with anion exchange resin that separatesthe analytes of interest based on their retention characteris-tics before detection. D6994analytical column, ncolumn used to separate the a

43、nions ofinterest. D5996analytical column, nion exchange column used to separatethe ions of interest according to their retention characteristicsprior to detection. D6581analytical column set, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns, followed by one or more analytical columns usedto separate the ion

44、s of interest. All of the columns in seriesthen contribute to the overall capacity and resolution of theanalytical column set. D6581analytical column set, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns followed by one or more analytical columns.D5996analytical columns, ncombination of one or more guardcol

45、umns followed by one or more separator columns used toseparate the ions of interest. It should be remembered that allof the columns in series contribute to the overall capacity ofthe analytical column set. D4327analytical columns, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns followed by one or more sepa

46、rator columns used toseparate the ions of interest. It should be remembered that allof the columns in series contribute to the overall capacity ofthe analytical column set. D5542analyze, vto determine the relationship of parts or the valueof a particular parameter. D5851analyzersee monitoring system

47、. D3864angstrom (A), nunit of length equaling 10-10metres, 10-4umetres, 10-8centimetres, and 3.937 3 10-9in. The symbolis , A, or A.U. D6161animal/vegetable-derived oils, nmixture made of mono-,di-, and triglyceride esters of fatty acids and other substancesof animal or vegetable origin, or both. D3

48、326anion, nnegatively charged ion. D6161anion exchange chromatography, ntype of liquid chroma-tography in which anionic analytes are separated by differ-ential retention on an anion exchange resin and detected byan appropriate detection mechanism. D6994anion-exchange material, na material capable of

49、 the revers-ible exchange of negatively charged ions.anion-exchange material, nion-exchange material capableof the reversible exchange of negatively charged ions.D2187anion-exchange material, nion-exchange material capableof the reversible exchange of negatively charged ions.D4548anion exchange material, nmaterial capable of the revers-ible exchange of negatively charged ions. D6161anion exchange membrane, nmembrane containing fixedcationic charges and mobile anions that can be exchangedwith o