ASTM D1129-2006ae1 Standard Terminology Relating to Water.pdf

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1、Designation: D 1129 06a1Standard Terminology Relating toWater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1129; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates

2、the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEPreviously approved terms from the Terminology sections of all D19 standards have been editorially included (inaccordance with D19 bylaws) in August 2008.absolute filter rati

3、ng, nparticle size above which 100 % ofparticles that are trapped on or within the filter medium.D 6161absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal ofthe transmittance (T). A = log10(1/ T) = log10T. D 4691absorption, nrelease for desorption holding of a substancewithin a solid by cohesive

4、 or capillary forces. D 6161absorptivity, nabsorbance (A) divided by the product of thesample path length (b) and the concentration (c). a = A/bc.D 4691accelerated erosion, nerosion at a rate greater than geologicor natural erosion. D 4410DISCUSSIONAccelerated erosion is usually associated with anth

5、ro-pogenic activities and usually reduces plant cover and increases runoff.acceptable holding time, nany period of time less than orequal to the maximum holding time. D 4841acceptable verification ratio (AVR)ratio of the differencebetween measured value of the verification sample and theknown value

6、added to the verification sample to the squareroot of the sum of the squares of their associated combinedstandard uncertainties. See Eq. 8 in 16.2.13. D 7282accretion, nprocess of sediment accumulation. D 4410accumulator, npulsation dampener installed on the suctionand/or discharge lines of pumps, g

7、enerally plunger type, tominimize pressure surges and provide uniformity of flow.D 6161accuracy, na measure of the degree of conformity of a valuegenerated by a specific procedure to the assumed or acceptedtrue value, and includes both precision and bias.accuracy, ncloseness of agreement between an

8、observedvalue and an accepted reference value. Where an acceptedreference value is not available, accuracy is a description ofa measure of the degree of conformity of a value generatedby a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted truevalue, including both precision and bias. D 6161accuracy, nme

9、asure of the degree of conformity of a singletest result generated by a specific procedure to the assumedor accepted true value, and includes both precision and bias.D 2777accuracy, nproportion of the observed count to the truedensity of a sample. D 5392accuracy, nrefers to how close a measurement i

10、s to the trueor actual value. (See Terminology D 1129.) D 5906acid error, nin very acid solutions, the activity of water isreduced (less than unity) causing a non-Nernstian responsein glass electrodes.Apositive error in the pH reading results.D 4127acidity, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueous medi

11、a to reactwith hydroxyl ions.acidity, nquantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions. D 6161acidity, free mineral, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueousmedia to react with hydroxyl ions to pH 4.3.acidity, theoretical free mineral, nthe free mineral aciditythat would result from t

12、he conversion of the anions of strongacids in solution to their respective free acids.acoustic path, nstraight line between the centers of twoacoustic transducers. D 5389acoustic path length, nface-to-face distance between trans-ducers on an acoustic path. D 5389acoustic transducer, ndevice that is

13、used to generateacoustic signals when driven by an electric voltage, andconversely, a device that is used to generate an electricvoltage when excited by an acoustic signal. D 5389acoustic travel time, ntime required for an acoustic signalto propagate along an acoustic path, either upstream ordownstr

14、eam. D 5389action level, nconcentration of the analyte of concern atwhich some further action is required or suggested.D 6850activated carbon, ngranulated or powdered activated car-bon used to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines, andsome organics from water. A family of carbonaceous sub-stanc

15、es manufactured by processes that develop adsorptive1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on Quality Systems,Specification, and Statistics.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Ori

16、ginallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 1129 06.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.properties. D 6161activity, nthermodynamically effective concentration of afree ion in solution. In dilute s

17、olutions, ionic activity andconcentration are practically identical, but in solutions ofhigh ionic strength, or in the presence of complexing agents,activity may differ significantly from concentration. Ionicactivity, not concentration, determines both the rate and theextent of chemical reactions. D

18、 4127activity coefficient, nfactor, g, that relates activity, A,totheconcentration, C of a species in solution:A 5gCThe activity coefficient is dependent on the ionic strength ofthe solution. Ions of similar size and charge have similaractivity coefficients. D 4127activity standard, nstandardizing s

19、olution whose value isreported in terms of ionic activity. If the electrode iscalibrated using activity standards, the activity of the free,unbound ion in the sample is determined. D 4127adenosine triphosphatesee ATP. D 6161adsorption, nholding of a substance onto the surface of asolid by chemical s

20、urface forces, without forming newchemical bonds. D 6161aerobic bacteria, nbacteria that require oxygen for growth.See bacteria, aerobes. D 6161aerosol, nany solid or liquid particles, with a nominal sizerange from 10 nm to 100 m, suspended in a gas (usuallyair). D 5544agglomeration or flocculation,

21、 ncoalescence of dispersedsuspended matter into large flocs or particles that settlerapidly. D 4410aggradation, ngeologic process by which stream beds, floodplains, and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised inelevation by the deposition of material eroded and trans-ported by water from other

22、areas. D 4410aggregate, ngranular material such as sand, gravel, orcrushed stone. D 6161air header, npipe running within a cassette that distributesthe air to the individual modules or aerators. D 6161air scour, vdistributing air over the entire area at the bottomof a filter media flowing upward or

23、immersed membrane toimprove the effectiveness of filtration or backwashing or topermit the use of lower backwash water flow rate, or both.D 6161air stripping, vremoval of volatile substances from a watersolution by passing a gas through the solution. D 6161algae, nmajor group of lower plants, genera

24、lly aquatic,photosynthetic of extremely varied morphology and physi-ology, monocellular plants with chlorophyll often masked bya brown or red pigment. D 6161alkaline error, nin alkaline solutions, where hydrogen ionactivity becomes very small, some glass electrodes respondto other cations, such as s

25、odium. A negative error in the pHreading results. By changing the composition of the glass,the affinity of the glass for sodium ion can be reduced. Suchelectrodes are known as lithium glass, high-pH, or full-rangeelectrodes. D 4127alkalinity, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueous media toreact with

26、hydrogen ions.alkalinity, nquantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydrogen ions. “M” alkalinity is that which will reactwith acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to themethylorange endpoint of about 4.5. “P” alkalinity is thatwhich reacts with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced

27、tothe phenolphthalein end point of 8.3. “M” is the totalalkalinity which is the sum of hydroxide, carbonate, andbicarbonate contents, “P” includes all the hydroxyl and halfthe carbonate content. D 6161alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS)2generic name applied to theneutralized product resulting from the sul

28、fonation of abranched-chain alkylated benzene. See also TerminologyD 459. D 2330alluvial channelsee alluvial stream. D 4410alluvial depositsediment deposited by the action of movingwater. D 4410alluvial fanssediment deposited in the shape of a segment ofa cone formed because of a sudden flattening o

29、f a streamgradient especially at debouchures of tributaries on mainstream flood plains. D 4410alluvial stream, nstream whose boundary is composed ofappreciable quantities of the sediments transported by theflow and which generally changes its bed forms as the rate offlow changes. D 4410alleviation,

30、nprocess of accumulating sediment deposits atplaces where the flow is retarded. D 4410alluvium, ngeneral term for all fluvial deposits resultingdirectly or indirectly from the sediment transport of (mod-ern) streams, thus including the sediments laid down inriverbeds, flood plains, lakes, fans, and

31、estuaries. D 4410alpha (a), nvelocity-head coefficient that adjusts the veloc-ity head computed on basis of the mean velocity to the truevelocity head. D 5129alpha (a), nvelocity-head coefficient that adjusts the veloc-ity head computed on basis of the mean velocity to the truevelocity head. It is a

32、ssumed equal to 1.0 if the cross sectionis not subdivided. D 5243alpha (a), nvelocity-head coefficient that represents theratio of the true velocity head to the velocity head computedon the basis of the mean velocity. It is assumed equal to 1.0if the cross section is not subdivided. For subdividedse

33、ctions, a is computed as follows: D 5130a5( Ski3Ai2DKT3AT2where:K and A = the conveyance and area of the subsectionindicated by the subscript i andKTand AT= the conveyance and area of the entire crosssection.alpha (a), ndimensionless velocity-head coefficient thatrepresents the ratio of the true vel

34、ocity head to the velocity2For a more complete discussion of terms relating to synthetic detergents andtheir significance, refer to “Syndets and Waste Disposal” by McKinney, R. E.,Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol 29, Part 6, June 1957, pp. 654-666.D 1129 06a12head computed on the basis of the mean

35、velocity. It isassumed equal to unity if the cross section is not subdivided.For subdivided sections, a is computed as follows: D 5388a5( Ski3ai2DKT3AT2where:k and a = the conveyance and area of the subsectionindicated by the subscript i andKTand AT= the conveyance and area of the total crosssection

36、 indicated by the subscript T.alpha particle (a), nparticle consisting of two protons andtwo neutrons emitted from the nucleus of an atom duringradioactive decay. D 7316alpha particle detection efficiency, nin the measurement ofradioactivity, that fraction of alpha particles emitted by asource which

37、 are identified as alpha particles by the counter.D 7283alpha-to-beta spillover, nin the measurement of radioactiv-ity, that fraction of alpha particles emitted by a source whichare misclassified as beta particles. D 7283alum, naluminum sulfate, AL2(SO4)3XH2O (X = 14-18), acoagulant. D 6161ambient t

38、emperature, ntemperature of the surroundings,generally assumed to be 2025C. D 6161American Water Works Associationsee AWWA. D 6161American Water Works Association ResearchFoundationsee AWWARF. D 6161amorphous, adjnoncrystalline, devoid of regular cohesivestructure. D 6161amperometric systems, nthose

39、 instrumental probes thatinvolve the generation of an electrical current from whichthe final measurement is derived. D 888amphoteric, advcapable of acting as an acid or a base.D 6161anaerobic bacteria, nbacteria that do not use oxygen.Oxygen is toxic to them. See bacteria, anaerobes.D 6161analate ad

40、dition, nvariation of the known addition mea-surement technique in which the sample (analate) is added toa reagent containing the ion being measured. The electrodeis placed in the reagent, and the sample concentration iscalculated from the change in electrode potential after theaddition of the sampl

41、e. D 4127analate subtraction, nvariation of the known subtractionmeasurement technique in which the sample (analate) isadded to a reagent containing an ion that reacts with thespecies being determined. The electrode is placed in thereagent, the change in electrode potential is observed whenthe sampl

42、e is added, and the sample concentration calcu-lated. D 4127analyte, na possible sample component whose presence andconcentration is of interest.analyte, nchemical or constituent being determined.D 5463analytical column, nchromatography column that containsthe stationary phase for separation by ion

43、exchange. Thecolumn is packed with anion exchange resin that separatesthe analytes of interest based on their retention characteris-tics before detection. D 6994analytical column, ncolumn used to separate the anions ofinterest. D 5996analytical column, nion exchange column used to separatethe ions o

44、f interest according to their retention characteristicsprior to detection. D 6581analytical column set, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns, followed by one or more analytical columns usedto separate the ions of interest. All of the columns in seriesthen contribute to the overall capacity and r

45、esolution of theanalytical column set. D 6581analytical column set, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns followed by one or more analytical columns.D 5996analytical columns, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns followed by one or more separator columns used toseparate the ions of interest. I

46、t should be remembered that allof the columns in series contribute to the overall capacity ofthe analytical column set. D 4327analytical columns, ncombination of one or more guardcolumns followed by one or more separator columns used toseparate the ions of interest. It should be remembered that allo

47、f the columns in series contribute to the overall capacity ofthe analytical column set. D 5542analyze, vto determine the relationship of parts or the valueof a particular parameter. D 5851analyzersee monitoring system. D 3864angstrom (A), nunit of length equaling 10-10metres, 10-4umetres, 10-8centim

48、etres, and 3.937 3 10-9in. The symbolis , A, or A.U. D 6161animal/vegetable-derived oils, nmixture made of mono-,di-, and triglyceride esters of fatty acids and other substancesof animal or vegetable origin, or both. D 3326anion, nnegatively charged ion. D 6161anion exchange chromatography, ntype of

49、 liquid chroma-tography in which anionic analytes are separated by differ-ential retention on an anion exchange resin and detected byan appropriate detection mechanism. D 6994anion-exchange material, na material capable of the revers-ible exchange of negatively charged ions.anion-exchange material, nion-exchange material capableof the reversible exchange of negatively charged ions.D 2187anion-exchange material, nion-exchange material capableof the reversible exchange of negatively charged ion