ASTM C902-2012 Standard Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick《人行道及交通稀疏处铺地砖的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: C902 11 C902 12Standard Specification forPedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C902; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use as paving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehicular traffic. Theunits are

3、designed for use in pedestrian applications and vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes of vehicular traffic, suchas residential driveways and streets and commercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are not intended to support heavyvehicular traffic covered by Specification C1272

4、 or for industrial applications covered by Specification C410.NOTE 1Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavy vehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C1272.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from t

5、esting of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining conformance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Section 4) ofthis specification is beyond the scope of this specification.1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and sub

6、jected to a heat treatmentat elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents toprovide the strength and durability requirement of this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.4 The brick are available in a variety of sizes, c

7、olors, and shapes. They are available in three classes according to exposureenvironment and three types according to type of traffic exposure.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are pro

8、vided for information only and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay TileC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC410 Specification for Industrial Flo

9、or BrickC418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by SandblastingC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Classification3.1 Light traffic paving brick are classified according to the severity of their use-environment. Two types of environment arec

10、onsidered: (1) weather and (2) traffic:3.1.1 Weather: Weathering resistance is specified by one of three classes. When the Classclass is not specified, the requirementsfor Class SX shall govern.3.1.1.1 Class SXBrick intended for use where the brick may be frozen while saturated with water.3.1.1.2 Cl

11、ass MXBrick intended for exterior use where resistance to freezing is not a factor.3.1.1.3 Class NXBrick not intended for exterior use but which may be acceptable for interior use where protected fromfreezing when wet.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactur

12、ed Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.02 on Brickand Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Aug. 1, 2012. Published December 2011September 2012. Originally approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 20102011as C902 10C902 11.1. DOI: 10.1520

13、/C0902-11.10.1520/C0902-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM st

14、andard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all ca

15、ses only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 2A surfac

16、e coating may be applied to any class of brick of this standard when protected from freezing while wet. The function of the coatingis to prevent penetration of dirt or liquids into the pores of the brick. Coatings should be applied only after complete drying of the paving.3.1.2 Traffc: Abrasion resi

17、stance is specified by one of three types. When the Typetype is not specified, the requirements forType II govern.3.1.2.1 Type IBrick subjected to extensive abrasion.NOTE 3Type I pavers would be used in such places as sidewalks and driveways in publicly occupied spaces.3.1.2.2 Type IIBrick subjected

18、 to intermediate abrasion.NOTE 4Type II pavers would be used in such places as heavily traveled residential walkways and residential driveways.3.1.2.3 Type IIIBrick subjected to low abrasion.NOTE 5Type III pavers would be used in such places as floors or patios in single-family homes.4. Physical Pro

19、perties4.1 Freeze Thaw ResistanceUse one of the following methods:4.1.1 Physical Property Requirements The brick shall conform to the physical requirements for the class specified asprescribed in Table 1.4.1.1.1 Absorption AlternativeIf the average water absorption is less than 6.0 % after 24-h subm

20、ersion in room-temperaturewater, the requirement for saturation coefficient shall be waived.4.1.2 Freezing and Thawing Test AlternativeThe requirements for water 24-h cold water absorption and saturation coefficientspecified in 4.1.1 do not apply, provided a representative sample of five brick, meet

21、ing the strength requirements of Table 1, passesthe freezing and thawing test as described in the Rating section of the Freezing and Thawing test procedures of Test Methods C67.4.1.2.1 Class SX: Breakage and Weight Loss Requirement No individual unit separates or disintegrates resulting in a weightl

22、oss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry weight.NOTE 6The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is specified only as an alternative when brick do not conform to either Table 1 requirements formaximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to the restrictive absorption requirements in 4.1.1.1

23、.4.1.2.1 Class SX: Breakage and Weight Loss Requirement No individual unit separates or disintegrates resulting in a weightloss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry weight.4.1.2.2 Class SX: Cracking RequirementNo individual unit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units least finishedfac

24、e dimension.4.1.3 Sulfate Soundness Test AlternativeThe requirements for water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coefficient specifiedin 4.1.1 shall not be required if a sample of five brick survives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test in accordance with Sections4, 5, and 8 of Test Method C8

25、8 with no visible damage.NOTE 7The sulfate soundness test is an optional substitute test for the freezing-and-thawing test (4.1.2).4.1.4 Performance AlternativeIf information on the performance of the units in a similar application of similar exposure andtraffic is furnished by the manufacturer or h

26、is agent and is found acceptable by the specifier of the pavement material, or his agent,the physical requirements in 4.1.1 may be waived.4.1.5 Molded Brick (Soft Mud, Semi-Dry Pressed, and Dry Pressed Brick)The requirements listed in Table 1 shall be changedfor molded brick to permit maximum absorp

27、tion of 16.0 % average and 18.0 % individual, and minimum compressive strengthsof 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) average and 3500 psi (24.1 MPa) individual for Class SX, provided that the requirements for saturationcoefficient of Table 1 are met.NOTE 8The resistance of brick to weathering cannot be predicted w

28、ith complete assurance at the present state of knowledge. There is no known testthat can predict weathering resistance with complete accuracy.Brick in general is superior in weathering resistance to other building materials. There are innumerable instances of satisfactory performance beyond200 years

29、 and even into the thousands of years. Nevertheless, there are some brick that cannot survive a few winters of a severe freezing and thawingenvironment.The durability requirements of the specification attempt to exclude such brick. This specification utilizes the best knowledge available at this tim

30、e andTABLE 1 Freeze Thaw Resistance Property RequirementsDesignationCompressive Strength, flatwise, gross area, min,psi (MPa) Cold Water Absorption, max, % Saturation Coefficient, maxAAverage of 5Brick IndividualAverage of 5Brick IndividualAverage of 5Brick IndividualClass SX 8000 (55.2) 7000 (48.3)

31、 8.0 11.0 0.78 0.80Class MX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 14.0 17.0 no limit no limitClass NX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) no limit no limit no limit no limitA The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in room temperature water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C902 1

32、22is based on extensive research by several investigators. The durability requirements have an excellent correlation with in-use performance. Nevertheless,it is known that some brick that meet this specification may not be serviceable in severe climates. Furthermore, other brick that do not meet the

33、sespecifications may show superior serviceability in the most severe climate. The best indication of brick durability is its service experience record.4.2 Abrasion ResistanceThe brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2) of Table 2 for the applicable trafficuse (see 3.1.2).3NOTE 9

34、Skid/slip resistance should be considered by the purchaser for uses of brick where pedestrian traffic is anticipated. Methods of testing thischaracteristic are under study and it is hoped that a specification for this property can be added in future revisions of this standard when suitable testmetho

35、ds are developed.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for pedestrian and light traffic paving brick under this specification shall include the following information:5.1.1 Color, Color Range, and Texture(8.1), by approving a sample.5.1.2 Sampling (9.2)Specify location where specimens are to be secured f

36、or testing.5.2 Orders for light traffic paving brick under this specification may include the following information:5.2.1 ClassificationWeather (3.1.1)Class SX governs when class is not specified.5.2.2 ClassificationTraffc (3.1.2)Type II governs when type is not specified.5.2.3 Size (7.1)Specify wid

37、th by height by length or accept the manufacturers stock item.5.2.4 Application (7.2)Application PS governs when application is not specified.5.2.5 Cost of Tests (Note 10)Party to pay and conditions for payment of compliance testing.3 McBurney, J. W., Brink, R. H., Eberle, A. R., “Relation of Water

38、Absorption and Strength of Brick to Abrasive Resistance,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 40, 1940, pp.11431151.TABLE 2 Abrasion Resistance Property RequirementsA(1)Abrasion Index,B max(2)Volume Abrasion Loss,Cmax, cm3/cm2Type I 0.11 1.7Type II 0.25 2.7Type III 0.50 4.0A Select the sample according to the sa

39、mpling procedure of Test Methods C67.The brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2). The values listedshall not be exceeded by any individual unit within the sample.B The abrasion index is calculated from the cold absorption in percent and thecompressive strength in pounds per squ

40、are inch as follows:Abrasion index5 1003absorptioncompressive strength (1)Compressive strength values are influenced by specimen shape (particularly theheight to width ratio of the test specimen). Therefore, a shape is specified whichconforms to the data on which the abrasion index is based.4The com

41、pressive strength shall be determined on specimens measuring 378 by378 by 214 in. 14 in. (98 by 98 by 57 mm 6 mm) for length, width, and heightrespectively. The brick shall be without core holes, other perforations or frogs.Other shaped specimens may be used provided that the producer submitsevidenc

42、e acceptable to the purchaser that the change in shape gives equivalentstrength results to those of the specified shape.The abrasion resistance should be determined according to Column 2 in thosecases where the procedural requirements for compressive strength cannot be met.C The volume abrasion loss

43、 shall be determined in accordance with Test MethodC418, with the following changes in procedure:(1) The sand shall be a natural silica sand from Ottawa, IL, graded to pass a No.50 (300-m) sieve and retained on a No. 100 (150-m) sieve.(2) The test shall be run on dry brick.(3) The duration of the te

44、st shall be 2 min.(4) The rate of sand flow shall be 400 g/min.(5) The volume loss shall be determined by filling the abraded depression withmodeling clay, striking off level with the original surface of the brick, and removingand weighing the modeling clay. The volume loss shall be calculated from

45、the bulkdensity of the modeling clay. The bulk density shall be determined on each lot ofmodeling clay.An alternative method of determining the weight of clay used in filing the sand-blast cavity is to determine the weight of the modeling clay sample before and afterfilling the cavity.C902 1236. Eff

46、lorescence6.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence to comply with this specification unless requested by the specifier orpurchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by the specifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance

47、 with Test Methods C67, and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If the ratingfor efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick represented by the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements of thisspecification.7. Dimensions and Permissible Variations7.1 The size of the brick s

48、hall be as specified by the purchaser or produced by the manufacturer as a stock item.7.2 The tolerances on dimension and warpage shall depend on the application specified. When the application is not specified,the requirements for Application PS shall govern.7.2.1 Application PSPaving brick intende

49、d for general use and installed with a mortar joint between individual units, or inan installation without mortar joints between units when they are laid in running or other bonds not requiring extremely closedimensional tolerances.7.2.2 Application PXPaving brick intended for installation without mortar joints between the units, where exceptionally closedimensional tolerances are required as a result of special bond patterns or unusual construction requirements.7.2.3 Application PAPaving brick manufactured and selected to