ASTM C859-2010a Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials《与核材料相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C859 10aStandard Terminology Relating toNuclear Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definitions,descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acro-nyms and symbols specifically associated wit

3、h standards underthe jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Thisterminology may also be applicable to documents not under thejurisdiction of Committee C26, in which case this terminologymay be referenced in those documents.2. Terminologyabsorbed dose, D, L2T-2, nabsorbed dose is the me

4、anenergy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass ofspecified material.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), definedas 1 J/kg.abundance sensitivity, nin methods of chemical analysis,the ratio of the ion beam intensity of the major isotope, M,to the background current at the

5、adjacent mass positions.Abundance sensitivity 5ion current at mass Mion current at M 6 1(1)activity, A, T1, nthe measure of the rate of spontaneousnuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The SI unitfor activity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as one transfor-mation per second. The original

6、 unit for activity was thecurie (Ci), defined as 3.7 3 1010transformations per second.alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of an alphaparticle, composed of two protons and two neutrons with apositive charge of plus two, during the nuclear transforma-tion process.DISCUSSIONAn alpha particle

7、is the same as a helium atom with noelectrons.alteration, nany change in the form, state, or properties ofmaterials.analyte, nin method of chemical analysis, a sample compo-nent whose presence and concentration is of interest.becquerel (Bq), T1, nthe SI unit of measure for activity,defined as one tr

8、ansformation per second.beta radiation, nan electron that was generated in theatomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge ofone.continuing calibration blank check solution (CCB)inmethods of chemical analysis, a standard solution that has noanalyte and is used to verify blank response and f

9、reedomfrom carryover.continuing calibration verification check solution(CCV)in methods of chemical analysis, a standard solu-tion (or set of solutions) used to verify freedom fromexcessive instrument drift; the concentration is to be near themidrange of a linear curve.crushed glass, nin a glass leac

10、h test, small particles of glassproduced by mechanically fracturing larger pieces of glass.curie (Ci), T1the original unit of measure for activity,defined as 3.7 3 1010transformations per second.determination, nthe process of carrying out a series ofoperations specified in the test method whereby a

11、singlevalue is obtained.dose equivalent, L2T-2, na measure of the biologicaleffects of radiation dose from all types of radiation expressedon a common scale.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv),which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit for human dose equivalent).Radiation

12、dose equivalent is often expressed in terms of microsieverts(Sv) or millirem (mrem).dose rate, L2T3, na quantity of absorbed dose received ina given unit of time.gray (Gy), L2T-2, na gray is the SI unit of absorbed dose(1 J/kg).high density concrete, na concrete having a density greaterthan 2400 kg

13、per cubic meter (150 lb per cubic foot).initial calibration verification check solution (ICV)inmethods of chemical analysis, a standard solution (or a set ofstandard solutions) used to verify calibration standard levels;the concentration of analyte is to be near mid-range of thelinear curve that is

14、made from a stock solution having a1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.01 on Editorial andTerminology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last

15、previous edition approved in 2010 as C859 10. DOI:10.1520/C0859-10A.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.different manufacturer or manufacturer lot identification thanthe calibration standards.linear range check solution (

16、LRS)in methods of chemicalanalysis, a solution containing known concentrations of theanalytes that is used to determine the upper limit of the linearrange.mass bias or fractionation, nin methods of chemicalanalysis, the deviation of the observed or measured isotoperatio from the true ratio as a func

17、tion of the difference inmass between the two isotopes.master-slave manipulator (MSM), na device to remotelyhandle items, tools, or radioactive material in a hot cell.DISCUSSIONThe operator controls the master and the follower orslave replicates its movements to handle the material in the hot cell.

18、Themechanical connection between the master and the follower is madewith metal tapes or cables. MSMs typically have lifting capacities of 9to 23 kg (20 to 50 lb).mockup, nin nuclear applications, a structure, utilities,components, and systems used to represent the physicalenvironment of a radiologic

19、al facility in a non-radiologicalsetting.DISCUSSIONMockups are typically full scale representations used toassure proper clearances, accessibility, visibility, maintainability, per-formance, or operability of items to be subsequently installed in aradiological environment.neutron radiation, nthe emi

20、ssion of neutrons resulting frominstability in the atomic nucleus. Neutrons have an atomicmass slightly heavier than a proton, but have no electricalcharge.on-peak spectral interference correction, nadjustmentsmade in observed net intensity of peak interest to compen-sate for error introduced by spe

21、ctral interferences.quench standard curve, nin methods of radiochemicalanalysis, a relationship between sample quench and detec-tion efficiency. A quench curve for an isotope in a givencocktail and vial combination is developed by counting aseries of standards containing the same activity of thatiso

22、tope, but each with different quench. Sample quench istypically quantified by variety of parameters.rad, L2T2, na unit of measure of radiation absorbed dose.See absorbed dose.radiation, nin the nuclear industry, the emission that occurswhen a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay.DISCUSSIONThe emitted

23、 radiation types may include alpha par-ticles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons.roentgen (R), M-1TI, na unit of measure for radiationexposure. It is equivalent to 2.58 3 10-4coulomb perkilogram of air.roentgen equivalent man (rem), M-1TI, na measure ofthe damaging effects of ionizing radiati

24、on to man. See doseequivalent.sequential flow injection, nin methods of chemical analysis,an automated non-chromatographic flow analysis techniquefor concentrating the analytes and separating them fromsample components by reproducibly and sequentially ma-nipulating flow of sample and reagents throug

25、h a column ofsorbent material.sievert (Sv), L2T-2, nthe SI unit of measure for doseequivalent to humans.DISCUSSIONOne sievert equals 100 rem.test result, nin methods of chemical analysis, the valueobtained for a given property from one test unit, which maybe a single observation or the combination o

26、f multipleobservations, as required by a specific test method.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standar

27、d or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your view

28、s known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C859 10a2