ASTM C597-2002 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete《对通过混凝土的脉冲速度的标准试验方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: C 597 02Standard Test Method forPulse Velocity Through Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 597; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propa-gation velocity of longitudinal stress wave pulses throughconcrete. This test method does not a
3、pply to the propagation ofother types of stress waves through concrete.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
4、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregates2C 215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitu-dinal, and Torsion
5、al Frequencies of Concrete Specimens2C 823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of HardenedConcrete in Constructions2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology C 125 and the sec-tion related to ultrasonic examination in Terminology E 1316for
6、 definitions of terms used in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pulses of longitudinal stress waves are generated by anelectro-acoustical transducer that is held in contact with onesurface of the concrete under test. After traversing through theconcrete, the pulses are received and conve
7、rted into electricalenergy by a second transducer located a distance L from thetransmitting transducer. The transit time T is measured elec-tronically. The pulse velocity V is calculated by dividing L byT.5. Significance and Use5.1 The pulse velocity, V, of longitudinal stress waves in aconcrete mas
8、s is related to its elastic properties and densityaccording to the following relationship:V 5E 1 2 !r 1 1 !1 2 2 !(1)where:E = dynamic modulus of elasticity, = dynamic Poissons ratio, andr = density.5.2 This test method is applicable to assess the uniformityand relative quality of concrete, to indic
9、ate the presence ofvoids and cracks, and to evaluate the effectiveness of crackrepairs. It is also applicable to indicate changes in the proper-ties of concrete, and in the survey of structures, to estimate theseverity of deterioration or cracking. When used to monitorchanges in condition over time,
10、 test locations are to be markedon the structure to ensure that tests are repeated at the samepositions.5.3 The degree of saturation of the concrete affects the pulsevelocity, and this factor must be considered when evaluatingtest results (Note 1). In addition, the pulse velocity in saturatedconcret
11、e is less sensitive to changes in its relative quality.NOTE 1The pulse velocity in saturated concrete may be up to 5 %higher than in dry concrete.45.4 The pulse velocity is independent of the dimensions ofthe test object provided reflected waves from boundaries do notcomplicate the determination of
12、the arrival time of the directlytransmitted pulse. The least dimension of the test object mustexceed the wavelength of the ultrasonic vibrations (Note 2).NOTE 2The wavelength of the vibrations equals the pulse velocitydivided by the frequency of vibrations. For example, for a frequency of 54kHz and
13、a pulse velocity of 3500 m/s, the wavelength is 3500/54000 =0.065 m.5.5 The accuracy of the measurement depends upon theability of the operator to determine precisely the distancebetween the transducers and of the equipment to measureprecisely the pulse transit time. The received signal strengthand
14、measured transit time are affected by the coupling of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.64 on Nondestructive and In-Place Testing.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Publishe
15、d February 2003. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 597 97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.4Bungey, J. H., Testing of Concrete in Structures, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall,1989, p. 52.1*A Summary of Changes section
16、appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.transducers to the concrete surfaces. Sufficient coupling agentand pressure must be applied to the transducers to ensure stabletransit times. The stre
17、ngth of the received signal is also affectedby the travel path length and by the presence and degree ofcracking or deterioration in the concrete tested.NOTE 3Proper coupling can be verified by viewing the shape andmagnitude of the received waveform. The waveform should have adecaying sinusoidal shap
18、e. The shape can be viewed by means of outputsto an oscilloscope or digitized display inherent in the device.5.6 The results obtained by the use of this test method arenot to be considered as a means of measuring strength nor asan adequate test for establishing compliance of the modulus ofelasticity
19、 of field concrete with that assumed in the design. Thelongitudinal resonance method in Test Method C 215 is rec-ommended for determining the dynamic modulus of elasticityof test specimens obtained from field concrete because Pois-sons ratio does not have to be known.NOTE 4When circumstances permit,
20、 a velocity-strength (or velocity-modulus) relationship may be established by the determination of pulsevelocity and compressive strength (or modulus of elasticity) on a numberof samples of a concrete. This relationship may serve as a basis for theestimation of strength (or modulus of elasticity) by
21、 further pulse-velocitytests on that concrete. Refer to ACI 228.1R5for guidance on theprocedures for developing and using such a relationship.5.7 The procedure is applicable in both field and laboratorytesting regardless of size or shape of the specimen within thelimitations of available pulse-gener
22、ating sources.NOTE 5Presently available test equipment limits path lengths toapproximately 50-mm minimum and 15-m maximum, depending, in part,upon the frequency and intensity of the generated signal. The upper limitof the path length depends partly on surface conditions and partly on thecharacterist
23、ics of the interior concrete under investigation. A preamplifierat the receiving transducer may be used to increase the maximum pathlength that can be tested. The maximum path length is obtained by usingtransducers of relatively low resonant frequencies (20 to 30 kHz) tominimize the attenuation of t
24、he signal in the concrete. (The resonantfrequency of the transducer assembly determines the frequency ofvibration in the concrete.) For the shorter path lengths where loss of signalis not the governing factor, it is preferable to use resonant frequencies of50 kHz or higher to achieve more accurate t
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