[外语类试卷]大学英语四级模拟试卷599及答案与解析.doc

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1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 599及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Qiang. Write a letter to the department concerned to complain about having missed an important appointment because the train was delayed, you should write at l

2、east 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 讲述这次约会的重要性 2. 描述失约所给你带来的坏影响 3. 呼吁有关方面应当 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the pas

3、sage. For questions 1-7, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Alcoholism In the United States alone, alco

4、holism affects millions of people and costs the country billions of dollars each year. What is Alcoholism? People who drink regularly enough to affect their family or work responsibilities and who drink in a way that puts them in dangerous situations are said to abuse alcohol. Although they use alco

5、hol in an unhealthy way, people who suffer from alcohol abuse do not necessarily develop a physical dependence upon alcohol. Alcoholics, on the other hand, have a chronic disease. They are physically dependent upon alcohol. They feel a need to drink, almost in the same way that most people feel the

6、need to eat. And once alcoholics start drinking, they are unable to stop. They develop a tolerance to alcohol, requiring more and more drinks to feel the same effects. When an alcoholic tries to cut down or stop drinking, he or she experiences the symptoms of withdrawal: sweating, nausea, shakiness,

7、 anxiety and delirium tremens. More than 17 million Americans abuse alcohol or are alcoholic. Alcoholism affects men more than women: About 10 percent of men, compared to 3 to 5 percent of women, become alcoholics over the course of their lifetime. Alcoholism is more prevalent among younger people t

8、han among older people. How Does Someone Become an Alcoholic? Why is it that some people can drink socially and not become addicted while others become alcoholics? The reason has to do with a combination of genetic, physiological, psychological and social factors. Genes may be an important factor tr

9、iggering the development of alcoholism. Research has indicated that children of alcoholics are four times more likely to become alcoholics themselves; and while this statistic is at least partly due to environmental factors, scientists have determined that there is a genetic link. Physiologically, a

10、lcohol alters the balance of chemicals in the brain. It affects chemicals in the brains reward center. The body eventually craves alcohol to restore pleasurable feelings and avoid negative feelings. People who already suffer from high stress or psychological problems such as low self esteem and depr

11、ession are at higher risk for developing alcoholism. Social factors such as peer pressure, advertising and environment also play an important role in the development of alcoholism. Young people often start drinking because their friends are doing so, Beer and liquor ads on television tend to portray

12、 drinking as a glamorous exciting pastime. What Happens When You Drink When you take a drink, about 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in your stomach; the remaining 80 percent is absorbed in your small intestine. How quickly the alcohol is absorbed depends upon the concentration of the alcohol i

13、n the drink and whether youve just eaten a big meal. A full stomach will slow down alcohol absorption. After the alcohol is absorbed, it enters your bloodstream and is carried throughout your body. As the alcohol acts upon the body, the body is simultaneously working to remove it. The kidneys and lu

14、ngs remove about 10 percent of the alcohol in the urine and the breath. The liver breaks down the rest of the alcohol into acetic acid. After just a few drinks, the physical effects of alcohol become apparent. These effects are related to the blood alcohol concentration(BAC). The BAC goes up when th

15、e body is taking in alcohol faster than it can release it. Alcohol and the Brain Alcohol affects brain chemistry by altering levels of neurotransmitters(神经传递素 ). Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit the signals throughout the body that control thought processes, behavior and emoti

16、on. In the short term, alcohol can cause blackouts - short-term memory lapses in which people forget what occurred over entire stretches of time. The long-term effects on the brain can be even more damaging. Long-term drinking can leave permanent damage, causing the brain to shrink and leading to de

17、ficiencies in the fibers that carry information between brain cells. Many alcoholics develop a condition called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and experience mental confusion and lack of coordination, and they may also have memory and learning problems. The body responds to the continual introduction o

18、f alcohol by coming to rely on it. This dependence causes long-term, debilitating changes in brain chemistry. The brain accommodates for the regular presence of alcohol by altering neurotransmitter production. But when the per son stops or dramatically reduces his or her drinking, within 24 to 72 ho

19、urs the brain goes into what is known as withdrawal as it tries to readjust its chemistry. Symptoms of withdrawal include disorientation, hallucinations, delirium tremens(DTs), nausea, sweating and seizures. Alcohol and the Rest of the Body Over time, alcohol can inflict serious damage on other body

20、 parts as well. Liver: The liver is particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol because it is the organ in which alcohol and Other toxins are metabolized(broken down into less harmful substances to be removed from the body). Drinking over a long period of time can lead to alcoholic hepatitis,

21、or inflammation of the liver. Symptoms of this condition include nausea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and jaundice(a yellowing of the skin). Heart: Because alcohol lowers blood pressure, the heart overcompensates, and the heart muscle can eventually become damaged as a result. P

22、rolonged drinking increases the risks for heart disease, high blood pressure and certain kinds of stroke. Stomach: Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach and intestines, causing vomiting, nausea and eventually ulcers. Cancer: Research indicates that long-term drinking increases the risk of canc

23、ers of the mouth, throat, larynx and esophagus. The effects of alcohol are even more marked in adults over 65, because their bodies dont metabolize alcohol as well as those of younger adults. Women also have more difficulty metabolizing alcohol than men, because hey are typically smaller and lighter

24、 in weight. Treatment for Alcoholism In the United States, approximately 2 million people get help each year for alcoholism. Alcoholism treatment may include: Detoxification: This involves abstaining from alcohol in order to get alcohol completely out of a persons system, and it takes anywhere from

25、four to seven days. Pharmaceuticals: People can take drugs such as disulfiram or naltrexone to prevent a re lapse once theyve stopped drinking. In 2004, the U.S. Food children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news. Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful

26、 people never attended Harvard or Yale. Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesnt have to ruin your life. 58 The author thinks that the conclusions of any research ab

27、out peoples state of mind are _. （ A） surprising （ B） confusing （ C） illogical （ D） questionable 59 What does the author mean when he says, “we cant turn the clock back“(Line 1, Para. 3)? （ A） Its impossible to slow down the pace of change. （ B） The social reality children are facing cannot be chang

28、ed. （ C） Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten. （ D） Its impossible to forget the past. 60 According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 0 years ago _. （ A） were less isolated physically （ B） were probably less self-centered （ C） prob

29、ably suffered less from anxiety （ D） were considered less individualistic 61 The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is _. （ A） to provide them with a safer environment （ B） to lower their expectations for them （ C） to get them more involved socially （ D） to set a

30、 good model for them to follow 62 What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? （ A） Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with. （ B） Childrens anxiety has been enormously exaggerated. （ C） Childrens anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care. （ D） Anxiety, if properly controlled, may he

31、lp children become mature. 62 It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints(约束 )influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you dont at least ask for it

32、. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beths story: I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle(小隔间 )offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one

33、 they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cu

34、bicles since I did not voice my opinion either way. It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice“ isnt a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, youll probably have to ask for it. Performance is your b

35、est bargaining chip(筹码 )when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs( a new client or a sizable contract, for example )just before merit pay decisions are being made,

36、 you are more likely to get the raise you want. Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services? Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use commu

37、nication style to guide the direction of the interaction. 63 According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should _. （ A） demonstrate his capability （ B） give his boss a good impression （ C） ask for as much money as he can （ D） ask for the salary he hopes to get 64 What can be inferred fro

38、m Beths story? （ A） Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations. （ B） If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it. （ C） People should not be content with what they have got. （ D） People should be careful when negotiating for a job. 65 We can learn from the passage that _

39、. （ A） unfairness exists in salary increases （ B） most people are overworked and underpaid （ C） one should avoid overstating ones performance （ D） most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises 66 To get a pay raise, a person should _. （ A） advertise himself on the job market （ B） persuade

40、 his boss to sign a long-term contract （ C） try to get inside information about the organization （ D） do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions 67 To be successful in negotiations, one must _. （ A） meet his boss at the appropriate time （ B） arrive at the negotiation table punc

41、tually （ C） be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction （ D） be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes 三、 Part V Cloze (15 minutes) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that b

42、est fits into the passage. 67 Historians tend to tell the same joke when they are describing history education in America. Its the one【 C1】 _the teacher standing in the schoolroom door【 C2】_goodbye to students for the summer and calling【 C3】 _them, “By the way, we won World War II.“ The problem with

43、 the joke, of course, is that its【 C4】 _funny. The recent surveys on【 C5】 _illiteracy(无知 )are beginning to numb(令人震惊 ): nearly one third of American 17-year-olds cannot even【 C6】 _which countries the United States【 C7】 _against in that war. One third have no【 C8】 _when the Declaration of Independenc

44、e was【 C9】 _One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750. Two thirds cannot correctly【 C10】 _the Civil War between 1850 and 1900.【 C11】 _when they get the answers right, some are【 C12】 _guessing. Unlike math or science, ignorance of history cannot be【 C13】 _connected to loss of intern

45、ational【 C14】 _But it does affect our future【 C15】 _a democratic nation and as individuals. The【 C16】 _news is that there is growing agreement【 C17】 _what is wrong with the【 C18】 _of history and what needs to be【 C19】 _to fix it. The steps are tentative(尝试性的 )【 C20】 _yet to be felt in most classroom

46、s. 68 【 C1】 （ A） about （ B） in （ C） for （ D） by 69 【 C2】 （ A） shaking （ B） waving （ C） nodding （ D） speaking 70 【 C3】 （ A） in （ B） after （ C） for （ D） up 71 【 C4】 （ A） rarely （ B） so （ C） too （ D） not 72 【 C5】 （ A） historical （ B） educational （ C） cultural （ D） political 73 【 C6】 （ A） distinguish （

47、B） acknowledge （ C） identify （ D） convey 74 【 C7】 （ A） defeated （ B） attacked （ C） fought （ D） struck 75 【 C8】 （ A） sense （ B） doubt （ C） reason （ D） idea 76 【 C9】 （ A） printed （ B） signed （ C） marked （ D） edited 77 【 C10】 （ A） place （ B） judge （ C） get （ D） lock 78 【 C11】 （ A） Even （ B） Though （ C）

48、 Thus （ D） So 79 【 C12】 （ A） hardly （ B） just （ C） still （ D） ever 80 【 C13】 （ A） exclusively （ B） practically （ C） shortly （ D） directly 81 【 C14】 （ A） competitiveness （ B） comprehension （ C） community （ D） commitment 82 【 C15】 （ A） of （ B） for （ C） with （ D） as 83 【 C16】 （ A） fine （ B） nice （ C） s

49、urprising （ D） good 84 【 C17】 （ A） to （ B） with （ C） on （ D） of 85 【 C18】 （ A） consulting （ B） coaching （ C） teaching （ D） instructing 86 【 C19】 （ A） done （ B） dealt （ C） met （ D） reached 87 【 C20】 （ A） therefore （ B） or （ C） and （ D） as 四、 Part VI Translation (5 minutes) Directions: Complete the sentences in the blanks by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. 88 This new tec