ASTM C51-2007 Standard Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used by the Industry)《石灰和石灰岩相关标准术语(工业使用）》.pdf

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1、Designation: C 51 07Standard Terminology Relating toLime and Limestone (as used by the Industry)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 51; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology refers to the terms relating to li

3、me andlimestone products as used by the industry.1.2 Where appropriate, the various terms defined belowshould be prefixed with one or other of the adjectives “high-calcium,” “magnesian,” or “dolomitic.” (Examples: dolomiticquicklime; high-calcium hydraulic hydrated lime; magnesianor dolomitic limest

4、one.)1.3 The composition of a limestone should be given in termsof a percentage of the carbonates present. In limestone ofinterest to the lime industry, it is usually assumed that thematerial consists almost entirely of carbonates. Where thisassumption is not valid, the percentage of noncarbonate ma

5、te-rial should be determined, and the composition expressed interms of the carbonate material present.1.4 For specific application of lime or a limestone product,see the appropriate ASTM specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC 602 Spe

6、cification for Agricultural Liming Materials3. Terminologyagricultural limeeither ground quicklime or hydrated limewhose calcium and magnesium content is capable of neu-tralizing soil acidity.agricultural limestoneground or pulverized limestonewhose calcium and magnesium content is capable of neu-tr

7、alizing soil acidity.DISCUSSIONAgricultural lime is a very powerful neutralizing agent.Agricultural limestone, often referred to as “aglime” is the predominatematerial for soil pH adjustment. See Specification C 602.air-slaked limethe product containing various proportionsof the oxides, hydroxides,

8、and carbonates of calcium andmagnesium which results from the exposure of quicklime tothe air in sufficient quantity to show physical signs ofhydration (difficult to determine visually in pulverizedquicklime).alkaline earth solutions (AES)an aqueous solution of theoxide or hydroxide of an element of

9、 group IIa in the periodictable, such as calcium or magnesium. These solutions maybe strongly alkaline. See pH.available lime indexthose constituents of a lime which enterinto a desired reaction under the conditions of a specificmethod or process.building or construction limea lime whose chemical an

10、dphysical characteristics and method of processing make itsuitable for the ordinary or special construction uses of theproduct.by-product limeby-product limes include a variety of Cal-cium and/or Calcium/Magnesium compounds that are usablefor specific applications but generally do not meet one ormor

11、e specifications required of primary lime products.Examples include lime kiln dust and lime hydrator rejects. Itis advised that the specific compositions, physical properties,performance characteristics, and anticipated variabilities ofsuch materials be evaluated for the service intended.calcareouso

12、riginating from predominately calcium carbon-ate or one of its derivative forms.calciathe chemical compound calcium oxide (CaO).calcined pozzolansmaterials that are produced by calcina-tion of natural siliceous or alumino-siliceous earths, suchcalcination being for the purpose of activation of pozzo

13、lanicproperties.Cement-Lime MortarCement-Lime Mortar primarily con-sists of hydraulic cement, hydrated lime or lime putty,masons sand and water.DISCUSSIONThese mortars can be specified by proportions orproperties indicated in Specification C 270.chemical limea quicklime or hydrated lime whose chemic

14、aland physical characteristics and method of processing makeit suitable for one or more of the many and varied chemical1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Limeand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.08 on Editorial and Nomen-clatureCurrent edition approv

15、ed July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 51 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer

16、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and industrial uses of the product.DISCUSSIONThe chemical for

17、ms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2),

18、water treatment sludges, etc.dead burned dolomitedolomitic limestone that has beenheated with or without additives to a temperature sufficientlyhigh and for a long enough time to decompose the carbonatestructure so as to form calcium oxide and periclase in amatrix that provides resistance to subsequ

19、ent hydration andrecombination with carbon dioxide.dolomiticindicates the presence of 35 to 46 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.dolomitic limestonesee limestone.di-hydrated or double hydrated limedolomitic lime whichhas been hydrated under greater than

20、atmospheric pressureand contains less than 8 % unhydrated oxides.finishing hydrated limehydrated lime suitable for use in thefinish coat of plaster.finishing quicklimequicklime suitable (after slaking to alime putty) for use in the finish coat of plaster.fluxing limea term referring to quicklime use

21、d as an agent inthe manufacture of steel or glass.fluxstonea term referring to limestone (high-calcium, mag-nesian, or dolomitic) used as an agent in the manufacture ofiron and steel or glass.high-calciumindicates the presence of 0 to 5 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the ma

22、terialwas formed.high-calcium limestonesee limestone.hydrated limea dry powder obtained by treating quicklimewith water enough to satisfy its chemical affinity for waterunder the conditions of its hydration. It consists essentiallyof calcium hydroxide or a mixture of calcium hydroxide andmagnesium o

23、xide or magnesium hydroxide, or both.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(

24、OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.hydraulic hydrated limethe hydrated dry cementitiousproduct obtained by calcining a limestone containing silicaand alumina to a temperature short of incipient fusion so asto form sufficient free lime (CaO) to

25、 permit hydration, and atthe same time, leaving unhydrated sufficient calcium sili-cates to give a dry powder meeting hydraulic propertyrequirements.limea general term which includes the various chemical andphysical forms of quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydrauliclime. It may be high-calcium, magnes

26、ian, or dolomitic.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acety

27、lene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.lime mortara lime putty mixed with an aggregate, suitablefor masonry purposes.lime puttythe product obtained by slaking quicklime withwater according to the directions of the manufacturer or bymixing hydrated lime and water to

28、a desired consistency.limestonean initially sedimentary rock consisting chiefly ofcalcium carbonate or of the carbonates of calcium andmagnesium. Limestone may be of high calcium, magnesian,or dolomitic.(1) dolomitic limestonelimestone containing from 35 to46 % magnesium carbonate (MgCO3).(2) magnes

29、ium limestonea limestone containing from 5to 35 % MgCO3.(3) high-calcium limestonea limestone containing from0 to 5 % MgCO3.liming materiala general term which includes the variouschemical and physical forms of matierals such as lime,limestone, mollusk shells, marl, byproduct lime, and slagwhose cal

30、cium and magnesium compounds are capable ofneutralizing acidity.magnesiathe chemical compound magnesium oxide (MgO).magnesianindicates the presence of 5 to 35 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.magnesian limestonesee limestone.masons hydrated limehydrated

31、 lime suitable for use formasonry purposes.masons quicklimequicklime suitable (after slaking to a limeputty) for use for masonry purposes.milk of limea suspension of hydrated lime (or slakedquicklime) in water in such proportions as to resemble milkin appearance.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calci

32、um oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treat

33、ment sludges, etc.mono-hydrated limedolomitic lime which has been hy-drated at atmospheric pressure and contains more than 8 %unhydrated oxides.natural pozzolansmaterials that, in the natural state, exhibitpozzolanic properties, such as some volcanic ash and lavadeposits.non-volatileterm used to den

34、ote the calculated chemicalbasis of a material in which the volatile fraction of thatmaterial is removed, relative to a specific temperature. Forexample, in lime and limestone, the loss on ignition isconsidered to be the volatile fraction.pHthe negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration,wh

35、ich can be greatly affected by temperature, particularlyunder alkaline conditions. It is therefore important to mea-sure alkaline earth solutions (AES) at a specific recom-mended temperature of 25 C.C51072plasticitya comparative physical property of a standardconsistency lime putty to resist the los

36、s of plastic stateworkability when subjected to pressure against the suction ofan absorptive surface as measured by the Emley Plasticime-ter.Portland Cement-Lime Mortar (PCL)See Cement-LimeMortar.pozzolana siliceous or alumino-siliceous material that initself possesses little or no cementitious valu

37、e but that infinely divided form and in the presence of moisture willchemically react with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides atordinary temperatures to form or assist in forming com-pounds possessing cementitious properties.quicklimea calcined limestone, the major part of which iscalcium oxide or

38、 calcium oxide in association with magne-sium oxide, capable of slaking with water.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of m

39、aterials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.quicklime sizesthe different sizes depending upon the typeof limestone, kind of kiln used, or treatment subsequent tocalcining. The sizes commonly recognized are

40、as follows:(1) large lump8 in. (203 mm) and smaller,(2) pebble or crushed212 in. (64 mm) and smaller,(3) ground, screened or granular14 in. (6.4 mm) andsmaller, and(4) pulverizedsubstantially all passing a No. 20 (850-m) sieve.reactivityreactivity is the reaction between substances,which can be moni

41、tored by some measure, either qualitativeor quantitative. In the Lime Industry, it is commonly used torefer to the reaction between limestone, quicklime and/or arelated material and another substance such as water, acid orSOxrefractory limelime (usually of a dolomitic type) that hasbeen extremely ha

42、rd burned so that it will possess little or notendency for conversion of the oxides to hydroxides.run-of-kiln quicklimequicklime as drawn or dischargedfrom a kiln.slakingthe chemical reaction that produces hydrated limewhen quicklime and water are mixed.spray limea hydrated lime of such fineness tha

43、t at least 95 %of the particles will pass a No. 325 (45-m) sieve.stuccoan exterior cementious-lime-finishing system appliedto a suitable substrate on the surfaces of buildings andstructures.white washa combination of hydrated lime (or slakedquicklime), water, and other materials to be used as apaint

44、like coating.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C07 has identified the location of selected changes to this terminology since the last issue, C5106,that may impact the use of this terminology. (Approved July 15, 2007)(1) Added a Discussion to agricultural limestone.(2) Revised the definition of liming mate

45、rial.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to A

46、STM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the addres

47、s shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C51073