ASTM C373-2014 Standard Test Method for Water Absorption Bulk Density Apparent Porosity and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles《焙烧卫生.pdf

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1、Designation: C373 14Standard Test Method forWater Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, andApparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products,Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C373; the number immediately following the designation indicates

2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for determini

3、ngwater absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparentspecific gravity of fired unglazed whiteware products, glazedor unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.1.2 The values stated in metric units are normative. Thevalues given in parentheses are mathematical conversions toinch-pound units

4、 that are provided for information only and arenot normative.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-

5、bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity isa tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramicbody, or for determining structural properties that may berequired for a given application.3. Apparatus and Ma

6、terials3.1 Balance, of adequate capacity, suitable to weigh accu-rately to 0.01 g (0.00002 lb).3.2 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 150 65C (302 6 9F).3.3 Wire Loop, Halter, or Basket, capable of supportingspecimens under water for making suspended mass measure-ments.3.4 Suspended Mass

7、Container (If Determination of Sus-pended Mass is Desired)A glass beaker or similar containerof such size and shape that the sample, when suspended fromthe balance by the wire loop, specified in 3.3, is completelyimmersed in water with the sample and the wire loop com-pletely free of contact with an

8、y part of the container.3.5 Stainless Steel Boiling Container, suitable for boilingwater and with sufficient capacity to hold the test specimensand quantity of water specified in 5.2. The container shall beequipped with a loose removable cover which does not allowpressure to build.3.6 Deionized (DI)

9、 Water.3.7 Leather Chamois.3.8 Heat Source, such as a hot plate, burner, or equivalent toheat the water to boiling.3.9 Desiccator, a sealed chamber containing desiccantswhich is of sufficient size and capacity to allow specimens tocool while preventing the specimens from absorbing moisturefrom ambie

10、nt air.4. Test Specimens4.1 Ceramic Whitewares4.1.1 At least five representative test specimens shall beselected that have not been previously tested. The specimensshall be unglazed and shall have as much of the surface freshlyfractured as is practical. Sharp edges or corners shall beremoved. The sp

11、ecimens shall contain no cracks. The indi-vidual test specimens shall weigh at least 50 g.4.2 Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles4.2.1 The specimens shall contain no visible damage orcracks prior to testing. At least five representative test speci-mens shall be selected that have not been previously teste

12、d.Cutting of specimens, as described in the following sections,shall consist of scoring and snapping, or sawing when impos-sible to score and snap with conventional tile scoring equip-ment (as can be the case with some glass tiles and highlytextured and structured porcelain tiles).4.2.2 For tiles le

13、ss than or equal to 205 205 mm (8 8in.), specimens shall be cut in half, within 10 mm (0.4 in).Specimens shall be cut perpendicular to the longest side if thespecimen has unequal sides. Select one half at random fromeach specimen for testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committ

14、ee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C373 88 (20

15、06).DOI: 10.1520/C0373-14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2.3 For tiles greater than 205 205 mm (8 8 in.) and lessthan or equal to 410 410 mm (16 16 in.), each specimenshall be cut into four equal quadrants, within 1

16、0 mm (0.4 in).Select one quadrant at random from each specimen for testing.4.2.4 For tiles greater than 410 410 mm (16 16 in.), a205 205 mm (8 8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in), shallbe cut from one corner of each specimen for testing.4.2.5 For non-square tiles which have a side less than orequa

17、l to 205 mm (8 in.) and a side greater than 205 mm (8 in.),each specimen shall be cut once perpendicular to the longestside, such that a 205 mm (8 in.) portion, within 10 mm (0.4 in),from the end remains.4.2.6 If a tile does not weigh at least 50 g (0.11 lb) prior tocutting, then multiple whole piec

18、es may be used to equal onetest specimen with a mass of at least 50 g (0.11 lb).5. Procedure5.1 Dry the test specimens to constant mass (Note 2)byheating in an oven at 150 6 5C (302 6 9F) for a minimumof 24 h (or such other time as has been established for the ovenin use and the mass of the tiles be

19、ing dried), followed bycooling in a desiccator. Determine the dry mass, D,tothenearest 0.01 g (0.00002 lb) (see Note 1).NOTE 1Specimens being tested directly following their manufacturemay be considered fully dried so long as they have not been subjected toany process that wets the specimen post fir

20、ing (such as can occur in cuttingand polishing operations) and are placed in a desiccator sufficientlyquickly (usually within no more than 30 minutes of exiting the kiln) thatno moisture has been absorbed from ambient air.NOTE 2The drying of the specimens and the determination of theirmasses may be

21、done either before or after the specimens have beenimpregnated with water. Usually the dry mass is determined beforeimpregnation. However, if the specimens are friable or evidence indicatesthat particles have broken loose during the impregnation, the specimensshall be dried and weighed after the sus

22、pended mass and the saturatedmass have been determined, in accordance with 5.4 and 5.5. In this case,the second dry mass shall be used in all appropriate calculations.5.2 Addition of Specimens to DI Water5.2.1 For ceramic whitewares, glass tiles, and pressed ce-ramic tiles: bring DI water to a boil

23、in a stainless steel boilingcontainer. Place the specimens in the boiling DI water, and usesetter pins, a rustproof rack, or equivalent to separate thespecimens from the bottom and sides of the stainless steelboiling container and from each other. The DI water shall beunused and of sufficient quanti

24、ty that the test specimens arefully submerged and the mass ratio of water to test specimensis at least 3:1.5.2.2 For extruded ceramic tiles: place the specimens in astainless steel boiling container of DI water at roomtemperature, and use setter pins, a rustproof rack, or equivalentto separate the s

25、pecimens from the bottom and sides of thestainless steel boiling container and from each other. The DIwater shall be unused and of sufficient quantity such that thetest specimens are fully submerged and the mass ratio of waterto test specimens is at least 3:1. Bring the DI water withsubmerged specim

26、ens to a boil in one hour or less.5.3 Boil the specimens for 5 h 6 5 min. Place a loose coverover the container to minimize water loss through evaporation.Test specimens shall be completely immersed in the boiling DIwater throughout the duration of the 5 h boil. Add DI water asneeded to ensure the s

27、pecimens are completely immersed at alltimes. Ensure that the boil is maintained throughout the testand that the addition of water does not hinder the boil.After the5-h boil, allow the specimens to continue to soak in the sameDI water in which they were boiled for an additional 24 h 6 30min., ensuri

28、ng that the specimens remain completely im-mersed.5.4 After the 24-h soak of the test specimens, determine tothe nearest 0.01 g (0.00002 lb) the mass, S, of each specimenwhile suspended in water. Perform the weighing by placing thespecimen in a wire loop, halter, or basket that is suspendedfrom one

29、arm of the balance. Before actually weighing,counterbalance the scale with the loop, halter, or basket inplace and immerse in water to the same depth as is used whenthe specimens are in place. If it is desired to determine only thepercentage of water absorption, omit the suspended massoperation.5.5

30、After the determination of the suspended mass, or afterthe 24-h soak, if the suspended mass is not determined, bloteach specimen lightly with a damp leather chamois to removeall visible water from the surface, and determine the saturatedmass, M, to the nearest 0.01 g (0.00002 lb).Adamp chamois isdef

31、ined as one which has been saturated with water and thenpressed only enough to remove water which could drip. Theblotting process shall involve patting the specimen lightly onall edges and surfaces with the damp chamois. Take care not toblot excessively as this could introduce error by withdrawingwa

32、ter from the pores of the specimen. Weight determinationshall be performed immediately after the blotting process toavoid errors due to evaporation of water from the test speci-men.6. Calculation6.1 In the following calculations, the assumption is madethat 1 cm3of water weighs 1 g.6.1.1 Calculate th

33、e exterior volume, V, in cubic centimetres,as follows:V 5 M 2 S (1)6.1.2 Calculate the volumes of open pores VOPand imper-vious portions VIPin cubic centimetres as follows:VOP5 M 2 D (2)VIP5 D 2 S (3)6.1.3 The apparent porosity, P, expresses, as a percent, therelationship of the volume of the open p

34、ores of the specimen toits exterior volume. Calculate the apparent porosity as follows:P 5 M 2 D!/V# 3100 (4)6.1.4 The water absorption, A, expresses as a percent, therelationship of the mass of water absorbed to the mass of thedry specimen. Calculate the water absorption as follows:A 5 M 2 D!/D# 31

35、00 (5)6.1.5 Calculate the apparent specific gravity, T, of thatportion of the test specimen that is impervious to water, asfollows:T 5 D/D 2 S! (6)C373 1426.1.6 The bulk density, B, in grams per cubic centimetre, ofa specimen is the quotient of its dry mass divided by theexterior volume, including p

36、ores. Calculate the bulk density asfollows:B 5 D/V (7)7. Report7.1 Report the average of all the specimens tested for eachdesired property and also the individual values.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionNo statement is made about the precision ofthis test method since no test data are available yet

37、 to permitsuch a statement to be made. Work is planned to develop thisdata.8.2 BiasNo statement is made about the bias of this testmethod since no standard samples are available.9. Keywords9.1 apparent porosity; apparent specific gravity; bulk den-sity; ceramic tile; fired whiteware products; glass

38、tile; waterabsorptionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringemen

39、t of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or f

40、or additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views know

41、n to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C373 143