ASTM C1232-2009a Standard Terminology of Masonry.pdf

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1、Designation: C 1232 09aStandard Terminology ofMasonry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1232; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year

2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and genericdefinitions of terms specifically associated with masonry andmasonry units. These generic terms and definitions are usedwi

3、thin the standards developed by Committee C12 on Mortarsand Grouts for Unit Masonry and Committee C15 on Manu-factured Masonry Units.1.2 This standard incorporates terms and definitions ofterms associated with the standards specific to clay masonryunits, in particular to Specifications C32, C34, C56

4、, C62,C 126, C 212, C 216, C 279, C 410, C 652, C 902, C 1088,C 1167, C 1261, C 1272, and C 1405, and to Test MethodsC67.1.3 This standard incorporates terms and definitions ofterms associated with the standards specific to concrete ma-sonry units in particular to Specifications C55, C73, C90,C 129,

5、 C 139, C 744, C 1319, C 1372, C 1491, C 1623, andC 1634 and to Test Methods C 140, C 426, and C 1262.1.4 This standard incorporates terms and definition of termsassociated with the standards specific to autoclaved aeratedconcrete masonry units in particular to Practice C 1555 and toSpecification C

6、1386.1.5 This standard incorporates terms and definitions ofterms associated with the standards specific to clay andconcrete roofing tile units in particular to Specifications C 1167and C 1492 and to Test Methods C 1568, C 1569, and C 1570.1.6 For terminology specific to mortar and grout, seeTermino

7、logy C 1180.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C32 Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (MadeFrom Clay or Shale)C34 Specification for Structural Clay Load-Bearing WallTileC43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products3C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC56 Specification for Struc

8、tural Clay Nonloadbearing TileC62 Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry UnitsMade From Clay or Shale)C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-LimeBrick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC

9、126 Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural ClayFacing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry UnitsC 129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 139 Specification for Concrete Masonry Units for Con-struction of Catch Basins and ManholesC 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing C

10、oncreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC 212 Specification for Structural Clay Facing TileC 216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry UnitsMade from Clay or Shale)C 279 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry UnitsC 410 Specification for Industrial Floor BrickC 426 Test Method for Linear

11、 Drying Shrinkage of Con-crete Masonry UnitsC 652 Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow MasonryUnits Made From Clay or Shale)C 744 Specification for Prefaced Concrete and CalciumSilicate Masonry UnitsC 902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC 1088 Specification for Thin Venee

12、r Brick Units MadeFrom Clay or ShaleC 1167 Specification for Clay Roof TilesC 1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit MasonryC 1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated Units3C 1261 Specification for Firebox Brick for Residential Fire-places1This terminology is under the jurisdic

13、tion of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.08 on Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C 1232 09.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi

14、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.

15、1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C 1262 Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Dura-bility of Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall Units andRelated Con

16、crete UnitsC 1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickC 1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC 1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall UnitsC 1386 Specification for Precast Autoclaved Aerated Con-crete (AAC) Wall Construction UnitsC 1405 Specification for Glazed

17、 Brick (Single Fired, BrickUnits)C 1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC 1492 Specification for Concrete Roof TileC 1555 Practice for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete MasonryC 1568 Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)C 1569 Test Metho

18、d for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Tiles (Wind Tunnel Method)C 1570 Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Tiles (Air Permeability Method)C 1623 Specification for Manufactured Concrete MasonryLintelsC 1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick3. Terminology3.1 Generic

19、 DefinitionsThe definitions apply to masonryunits and assemblies. They are generic as used by ASTMCommittees C12 and C15.bed surface, n(1) the nonvertical surfaces of a manufacturedmasonry unit intended by the manufacturer to be joined bymortar or other methods. (2) the in situ nonvertical surfaceso

20、f a manufactured masonry unit joined by mortar or othermethods.cryptoflorescence, ncrystalline deposit of water-solublecompounds in the pores of masonry.efflorescence, ncrystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.face, exposed, nthe in situ exposed surfac

21、e(s) of a manu-factured masonry unit.face, finished, nany surface(s) of a manufactured masonryunit intended by the manufacturer to be exposed to view.facing unit, nmanufactured masonry unit designed for usewhere one or more faces will be exposed and for which thespecification includes requirements o

22、n color, finish, andother properties affecting appearance.freeze thaw resistance, nthe ability of masonry to maintainintegrity under the forces caused by cyclic action of freezingand thawing in the presence of moisture.frog, nan indentation in a bed surface of a masonry unit.Indentations not exceedi

23、ng38 in. (9.5 mm) are termed a frog,sometimes called a panel or panel frog. Indentations exceed-ing38 in. (9.5 mm) are termed a deep frog.groove, na channel formed on surfaces other than finishedfaces of manufactured masonry units for production orconstruction purposes.height, nvertical dimension of

24、 the face of a unit when theunit is positioned as a stretcher.hollow masonry unit, nunit whose net cross-sectional areain any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells, ordeep frogs is less than 75 % of its gross cross-sectional areameasured in the same plane.length, nhorizontal dimensio

25、n of the face of a unit when theunit is positioned as a stretcher.manufactured masonry unit, na manmade noncombustiblebuilding product intended to be laid by hand and joined bymortar, grout, or other methods of joining.masonry, nthe type of construction made up of masonryunits laid with mortar, grou

26、t, or other methods of joining.nominal dimension, ndimension that is greater than thespecified dimension by the thickness of a mortar joint. It isusually expressed as a whole number.score, na channel formed for appearance purposes on thefinished faces of a manufactured masonry unit.shell, nthe outer

27、 walls of a hollow masonry unit. Shell caneither be an end shell or a face shell.solid masonry unit, nunit whose net cross-sectional area inany plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells, ordeep frogs is 75 % or more of its gross cross-sectional areameasured in the same plane.specified di

28、mensions, ndimensions to which masonry unitsor constructions are required to conform. Actual (measured)dimensions may differ from the specified dimensions bypermissible variations.surface feature, na quality or condition of the face of amanufactured masonry unit.DISCUSSIONSurface features include co

29、atings, colors, textures, re-lief, or combinations of these. A masonry unit may have differentsurface features on individual faces.thickness, nthat dimension designed to lie at right angles tothe face of the wall, floor, or other assembly.units placed in usage, nmanufactured masonry units thathave b

30、een installed in masonry.3.2 Definitions Specific to Clay Masonry Units:absorption, nweight of water picked up by a clay masonryunit during immersion at prescribed conditions expressed inrelation to the dry weight of the unit.DISCUSSIONTwo conditions of immersion are designated in stan-dards relatin

31、g to brick: 24 h in room temperature (60 to 86F (15.5 to30C) water or5hinboiling water. (Different time intervals arespecified for structural tile and other products.) The resulting absorp-tions are termed cold water absorption and boiling water absorption.Absorption values are used in brick and til

32、e standards as one factorin classifying these products into durability grades. Absorptions areindicators of the extent of firing during manufacture as well as beingindicators of durability.body color, nthe range of color obtained when materialsused to form the brick react to the effects of firing te

33、mpera-ture and atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThere may be additives in the body to produce a desiredcolor. When no materials are added to the surface of the brick and theunit is not flashed when fired, the body color is also the through-bodycolor, a surface feature.brick, na solid or hollow masonry unit of c

34、lay or shale,usually formed into a rectangular prism, then burned or firedin a kiln; brick is a ceramic product.C 1232 09a2brick, acid-resistant, nbrick suitable for use in contact withchemicals, usually in conjunction with acid-resistant mor-tars; see Specification C 279.brick, building, nbrick for

35、 load-resisting or other purposeswhere appearance properties such as texture or color are notimportant (formerly called common brick); see SpecificationC62and Specification C 652.brick, facing, nbrick for general purposes where appearanceproperties such as color, texture, and chippage are important;

36、see Specification C 216 and Specification C 652.DISCUSSIONFacing brick are produced from selected clays and areavailable in typical face sizes, various colors, and in various textures.brick, floor, nbrick with physical properties related toresistance to chemicals, thermal and mechanical shock, orabs

37、orption, or combinations of these, used as finished floorsurfaces in industrial applications; see Specification C 410.DISCUSSIONOther brick are used as flooring in non-industrialapplications; see Specification C 902. Floor brick manufactured to meetthe requirements in Specification C 410 are typical

38、ly smooth and dense.brick, paving, nbrick made to provide the wearing surfaceof highways, streets, driveways, walkways, patios, andsimilar applications; see Specifications C 902 and C 1272.brick, sewer, nlow absorption, abrasive-resistant brick in-tended for use in drainage structures; see Specifica

39、tion C32.brick, specially-shaped, na brick manufactured to a basicshape of other than a rectangular prism.cells/core holes, ncontinuous openings or perforationswithin extruded clay products.DISCUSSIONThe extent of permissible openings is specified for eachproduct as the percentage of gross area in t

40、he normal bedding surfaceplane that must be net (solid) area. Core hole is generally used for brickwhile cell is used for structural tile. Cells are distinguished from coreholes by being larger in size.As an illustration, cells must be larger than1 in.2(645 mm2) under Specification C34, and 112 in.2

41、(968 mm2)under Specification C 652.clay, nan earthy or stony mineral aggregate consistingessentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic whensufficiently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, andvitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.coated finish, nthe surface color and textur

42、e resulting fromthe application of mineral particles to the finished faces inthe manufacturing process.DISCUSSIONCoatings include sand, engobes, and glazes, and thesemay be applied alone or in bed finish, nthe texture resulting when faces are alteredby more or less parallel scratches or scarfs in ma

43、nufacture.coring, vthe process of perforating structural clay products,generally performed during extrusion by supporting cores(rods) within the shaping cap of the extruder.end-construction tile, ntile designed to receive its compres-sive stress parallel to the axes of the cell.engobe, na slip, othe

44、r than a glaze, that is not imperviousand is applied as a coating to a ceramic body to function asa glaze undercoat or to impart color, texture, opacity, or othercharacteristics.extrusion, nshaping of brick by pushing plastic clay or shalethrough a die opening that forms the peripheral dimensionsof

45、the brick.DISCUSSIONThe column of extrudate is then cut into sections toprovide the third dimension of the brick. Water is added to the clay orshale in sufficient quantities to permit laminar flow through theextrusion machine. The consistency of the extrudate may vary from stiffand capable of suppor

46、ting several times its weight to soft anddeformable under slight loads.fire clay, na sedimentary clay of low flux content.fired bond, nbond developed between particulate constitu-ents of brick solely as the result of the firing process.DISCUSSIONThe bond may result from fusion or melting of one ormo

47、re constituents of the composition or the surface of particles. Otherthermal mechanisms such as sintering and interparticle reaction may beresponsible for the bond.The higher the heat treatment, the greater the extent of bonding andconsequently the greater the developed strength and the lower theres

48、ulting porosity. The bond development should be sufficient toprovide the specified strength, porosity, and durability for any particularproduct.fireproofing tile, ntile for use as a protection for structuralmembers against fire.firing, vprocess of heating the material to elevated tempera-tures.DISCU

49、SSIONThe temperatures are usually in excess of 1706F(930C). The extent of firing is a function of both time and temperature.The firing develops the inter-particulate bond, the strengths, the porestructure, and the color of the product. The extent of firing should besufficient to produce the levels of these properties required by thespecifications for the particular product.flashed finish, nthe range of color produced by the presenceof a reduced oxygen atmosphere in the kiln during firing.furring tile, nt