ASTM C1131-2010 Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert Storm Sewer and Sanitary Sewer Systems《混凝土涵洞 雨水沟 排污沟系统的最低成本(使用周期)的标准规范》.pdf
《ASTM C1131-2010 Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert Storm Sewer and Sanitary Sewer Systems《混凝土涵洞 雨水沟 排污沟系统的最低成本(使用周期)的标准规范》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM C1131-2010 Standard Practice for Least Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert Storm Sewer and Sanitary Sewer Systems《混凝土涵洞 雨水沟 排污沟系统的最低成本(使用周期)的标准规范》.pdf(5页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: C1131 10Standard Practice forLeast Cost (Life Cycle) Analysis of Concrete Culvert, StormSewer, and Sanitary Sewer Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1131; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost (life cycle)analysis (LCA) of materials, systems
3、, or structures proposedfor use in the construction of concrete culvert, storm sewer, andsanitary sewer systems.NOTE 1As intended in this practice, examples of analyses include, butare not limited to the following: (1) materials-pipe linings and coatings,concrete wall thicknesses, cements, additives
4、, etc.; (2) systems-circularpipe, box sections, multiple lines, force mains, etc.; and (3) structures-wetand dry wells, pump and lift stations, etc.1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated with plan-ning, engineering, construction (bid price), maintenance, reha-bilitation, replacement, and cost
5、deductions for any residualvalue at the end of the proposed project design life.1.3 For each material, system, or structure, the LCA methoddetermines in present value constant dollars, the total of allinitial and future costs over the project design life, and deductsany residual value.1.4 Major fact
6、ors in the LCA method include project designlife, service life, and relevant interest and inflation rates.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 constant dollarsdollars of uniform purchasingpower exclusive of inflation or deflation.2.1.1.1 DiscussionConstant dollars are costs stated atprice levels for
7、a specific reference year, usually the particulartime that the LCA is being conducted.2.1.2 current dollarsdollars of purchasing power in whichactual prices are stated, including inflation or deflation.2.1.2.1 DiscussionCurrent dollars are costs stated at pricelevels in effect whenever the costs are
8、 incurred. In the absenceof inflation or deflation, current dollars are equal to constantdollars.2.1.3 direct coststhe direct costs of excavation, removal,and disposal of existing materials, systems, or structures;installation and testing of replacements materials, systems orstructures; backfill; su
9、rface restoration, traffic rerouting, safety,utility relocations, etc.; and additional future costs required bynew land uses, population growth, etc.2.1.4 discount rateaccounts for the time value of moneyand reflects the impartiality of paying or receiving a dollar nowor at a future time.2.1.4.1 Dis
10、cussionThe discount rate is used to convertcosts occurring at different times to equivalent costs at acommon time. Discount rates may be expressed in nominal orreal terms.2.1.5 future costscosts incurred after a project has beenconstructed and operating, such as maintenance, rehabilitation,and repla
11、cement costs.2.1.6 indirect coststhe indirect costs to the owner thatusers pay in terms of delayed time.2.1.7 inflation ratean increase in the volume of moneyand credit relative to available goods and services resulting ina continuing rise in the general price level.2.1.7.1 DiscussionIn this practic
12、e, inflation refers toyearly change in the Producer Price Index (1).22.1.8 interest ratethe cost of borrowed money.2.1.9 maintenance coststhe annual or periodic direct andindirect costs of keeping a material, system, or structurefunctioning for the project design life; such maintenance doesnot exten
13、d the service life of the material, system, or structure.2.1.10 nominal discount ratea discount rate that takesinto account both the effects of inflation and the real earningpotential of money invested over time.2.1.10.1 DiscussionWhen future costs and values areexpressed in current dollars, after h
14、aving been adjusted forinflation, a nominal discount rate is used to convert the futurecosts and values to present value constant dollars. Users of thispractice should consult with their accountant or client todetermine the appropriate discount rate for a given project.2.1.11 original costscosts inc
15、urred in planning, design-ing, and constructing a project.2.1.12 project design lifethe number of years of usefullife the material, system, or structure must provide.2.1.13 real discount ratea discount rate that takes intoaccount only the real earning potential of money over time andis the different
16、ial between the interest and inflation rates.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on ConcretePipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last prev
17、ious edition approved in 2007 as C1131 95 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/C113110.2The boldface numbers refer to the list of references at the end of the standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.1.13.1 DiscussionWhen future cos
18、ts and values areexpressed in future constant dollars, a real discount rate is usedto convert constant dollars to present value dollars. Life cycleeconomic analyses conducted in constant dollars and a realdiscount rate are often preferred to similar analyses conductedin current dollars using nominal
19、 discount rates because noforecast of the inflation rate is required.2.1.14 rehabilitation coststhe direct and indirect costs ofrehabilitating a material, system, or structure to extend theservice life of the material, system, or structure.2.1.15 replacement coststhe direct and indirect costs ofrepl
20、acing a material, system, or structure before the end of theproject design life, so it will again function as originallyintended.2.1.16 residual valuethe remaining value of the material,system, or structure at the end of the project design life.2.1.17 service lifethe number of years of service a mat
21、e-rial, system, or structure will provide before rehabilitation orreplacement is required.2.1.17.1 DiscussionProject design life and service life areusually established by the owner or controlling agency.3. Significance and Use3.1 The significance of the LCA method is that it is acomprehensive techn
22、ique for taking into account all relevantmonetary values over the project design life and provides ameasure of the total cost of the material, system, or structure.3.2 The LCA method can be effectively applied in both thepreconstruction and bid stages of projects.After bids are taken,real costs can
23、be used instead of estimates.4. Procedures4.1 The procedures for determining the LCA of a material,system, or structure can be summarized in five basic steps.4.1.1 Identify Objective, Alternatives, and Constraints.4.1.2 Establish Basic Criteria.4.1.3 Compile Data.4.1.4 Compute LCA for Each Material,
24、 System, or Struc-ture.4.1.5 Evaluate Results.4.2 Objectives, Alternatives, and ConstraintsEstablish thespecific objectives of the project and identify alternative waysof accomplishing the objectives. For example, alternatives fora sanitary sewer system may include a gravity flow systemversus a grav
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