ASTM B243-2009a Standard Terminology of Powder Metallurgy.pdf

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1、Designation: B243 09aStandard Terminology ofPowder Metallurgy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th

2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that arehelpful in the interpretation and application of powder metal-lurgy terms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard

3、s:B331 Test Method for Compressibility of Metal Powders inUniaxial Compaction3. Terminology3.1 PowderTerms associated with production, character-ization, use, and testing of metal powders.3.1.1 Table of Contents1. Powders:1.0 General, 3.1.21.1 Processes to Produce Powder, 3.1.31.2 Types of Powder, 3

4、.1.41.3 Shapes of Powder Particles, 3.1.51.4 Additives to Powder, 3.1.61.5 Treatment of Powder, 3.1.71.6 Properties of Powder, 3.1.81.7 Procedures to Evaluate Powder, 3.1.91.8 Equipment to Evaluate Powder, 3.1.102. Forming:2.0 General, 3.2.12.1 Processes for Compacting, 3.2.22.2 Conditions of Compac

5、ting,2.3 Tools Used for Compacting, 3.2.32.4 Phenomena Resulting from Compaction, 3.2.42.5 Properties of Compacts, 3.2.62.6 Forging, 3.2.72.7 Metal Injection Molding, 3.2.83. Sintering:3.1 Process for Sintering, 3.3.13.2 Conditions During Sintering, 3.3.23.3 Phenomena Resulting from Sintering, 3.3.3

6、3.4 Properties of Sintered Parts, 3.3.43.5 Procedure to Evaluate Sintered Parts, 3.3.53.6 Removal of Binders, 3.3.64. Postsinter Treatments:4.1 Processes, 3.4.15. Miscellaneous:5.1 Definitions, 3.5.15.2 Processes, 3.5.25.3 Materials, 3.5.33.1.2 General:agglomerate, nseveral particles adhering togeth

7、er.cooling rate, nthe average temperature change per secondbetween prescribed temperatures during the cooling phase of athermal process.metal powder, nparticles of elemental metals or alloys,normally less than 1000 m (1 mm) in size.particulate matter, nsee powder.PM, nthe acronym for powder metallur

8、gy.powder, nparticles that are usually less than 1000 m (1mm) in size.powder metallurgy, nthe production and utilization ofmetal powders.3.1.3 Processes to Produce Powder:air classification, nthe separation of powder into particlesize fractions by means of an air stream of controlled velocity.atomiz

9、ation, nthe dispersion of a molten metal intoparticles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or bymechanical means.chemical deposition, nthe precipitation of one metal froma solution of its salts by the addition of another metal or reagentto the solution.chemically precipitated metal powder, npow

10、der producedby the reduction of a metal from a solution of its salts either bythe addition of another metal higher in the electromotive seriesor by other reducing agent.classification, nseparation of a powder into fractionsaccording to particle size.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of AST

11、M Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.01 on Nomenclature and Technical Data.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as B243 09. DOI:10.15

12、20/B0243-09A.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.disintegration, nthe reduction of massive material topowder.gas classification, nthe separation of powder into particlesize fractions by means of a gas stream of controlled

13、 velocity.granulation, nthe production of coarse metal particles bypouring the molten metal through a screen into water (shotting)or by violent agitation of the molten metal while solidifying.milling, nthe mechanical treatment of metal powder, ormetal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the

14、 size orshape of the individual particles or to coat one component ofthe mixture with another.pulverization, nthe reduction in particle size of metalpowder by mechanical means, a specific type of disintegration.reduced metal powder, nmetal powder produced, withoutmelting, by the chemical reduction o

15、f metal oxides or othercompounds.3.1.4 Types of Powder:atomized metal powder, nmetal powder produced by thedispersion of a molten metal by a rapidly moving gas, or liquidstream, or by mechanical dispersion.carbonyl powder, na metal powder prepared by the ther-mal decomposition of a metal minuted pow

16、der, na powder produced by mechanicalattrition of solid metal or pletely alloyed powder, nsee pre-alloyed posite powder, na powder in which each particleconsists of two or more distinct constituents.dendritic powder, nparticles, usually of electrolytic origin,having the typical pine tree structure.d

17、iffusion-alloyed powder, na partially alloyed powderproduced by means of a diffusion anneal.electrolytic powder, npowder produced by electrolyticdeposition or by the pulverization of an electrodeposit.hybrid-alloy powder, na pre-alloyed or diffusion-alloyedpowder to which either elemental or master-

18、alloy metal pow-ders have been admixed.hydrogen-reduced powder, npowder produced by the re-duction of a metal oxide in an atmosphere containing hydro-gen.master-alloy powder, na powder with high alloy concen-tration, designed to be diluted when mixed with a base powderto produce the desired composit

19、ion.matrix metal, nthe continuous phase of a polyphase alloyor mechanical mixture; the physically continuous metallicconstituent in which separate particles of another constituentare embedded.mechanically alloyed powder, na composite powder pro-duced by mechanically incorporating other constituents

20、whichare generally insoluble within the deformable particles of thematrix metal.mixed powder, nsee powder mixture.nanopowder, na powder consisting of particles typicallyless than 100 nm in size.partially alloyed powder, na powder in which the alloyaddition or additions are metallurgically bonded to

21、an elemen-tal or pre-alloyed powder.powder mixture, na powder made by mixing two or morepowders of differing chemical composition, particle size dis-tribution, particle shape, or a combination of these character-istics.pre-alloyed powder, npowder composed of two or moreelements that are alloyed in t

22、he powder manufacturing processin which the particles are of the same nominal compositionthroughout. Synonymous with completely alloyed powder.premix, na uniform mixture of ingredients to a prescribedanalysis, prepared by the powder producer, for direct use incompacting powder metallurgy products.sp

23、onge iron, na coherent, porous mass of substantiallypure iron produced by solid-state reduction of iron oxide (forexample, iron ore or mill scale).sponge iron powder, nground and sized sponge iron,which may have been purified or annealed or both.spongy, na porous condition in metal powder particlesu

24、sually observed in reduced oxides.3.1.5 Shapes of Powder Particles:acicular powder, nneedle-shaped particles.flake powder, nflat or scale-like particles whose thicknessis small compared with the other dimensions.granular powder, nparticles having approximately equidi-mensional nonspherical shapes.ir

25、regular powder, nparticles lacking symmetry.needles, nelongated rod-like particles.nodular powder, nirregular particles having knotted,rounded, or similar shapes.platelet powder, na powder composed of flat particleshaving considerable thickness (as compared with flake pow-der).plates, nflat particle

26、s of metal powder having considerablethickness.spherical powder, nglobular-shaped particles.3.1.6 Additives to Powder:binder, na cementing medium; either a material added tothe powder to increase the green strength of the compact, andwhich is expelled during sintering; or a material (usually ofrelat

27、ively lower melting point) added to a powder mixture forthe specific purpose of cementing together powder particleswhich alone would not sinter into a strong body.dispersion-strengthened material, na material consistingof a metal and finely dispersed, substantially insoluble, metallicor nonmetallic

28、phase.feedstock, nin metal injection molding (MIM), a moldablemixture of metal powder and binder.lubricantmaterial used to reduce inter-particle friction andthe friction between the powder mass and the tooling.lubricant (admixed), na lubricant incorporated into apowder mixture.lubricant (die-wall),

29、na lubricant applied to the toolingsurfaces to facilitate ease of movement of the tooling and theremoval of the compact or part from the tooling.pore-forming material, na substance included in a powdermixture that volatilizes during sintering and thereby producesa desired kind and degree of porosity

30、 in the finished compact.B243 09a23.1.7 Treatment of Powder:blending, nthe thorough intermingling of powders of thesame nominal composition (not to be confused with mixing).cross-product contamination, nthe unintentional mixingof powders with distinct differences in either physical charac-teristics

31、or chemical composition or both.equalizing, nsee blending.mixing, nthe thorough intermingling of powders of two ormore materials.3.1.8 Properties of Powder:angle of repose, nthe basal angle of a pile formed bypowder when freely poured under specified conditions onto ahorizontal surface.apparent dens

32、ity, nthe mass of a unit volume of powder,usually expressed as grams per cubic centimetre, determinedby a specified method.bulk density, nthe mass per unit volume of a powder undernonstandard conditions, for example, in a shipping container(not to be confused with apparent density).compactibility, n

33、a conceptual term, encompassing thepowder characteristics of compressibility, green strength, edgeretention, and lamination tendency, that relates to the ability ofa powder to be consolidated into a usable green pressibility, nthe capacity of a metal powder to bedensified under a uniaxially applied

34、pressure in a closed die.DISCUSSIONCompressibility is measured in accordance with TestMethod B331 and may be expressed numerically as the pressure toreach a specified density, or alternatively the density at a givenpressure.2compression ratio, nthe ratio of the volume of the loosepowder to the volum

35、e of the compact made from it. Synony-mous with fill ratio.cut, nsee fraction.fill ratio, nsee compression ratio.fines, nthe portion of a powder composed of particleswhich are smaller than a specified size, currently less than 44m. See also superfines.flow rate, nthe time required for a powder sampl

36、e ofstandard weight to flow through an orifice in a standardinstrument according to a specified procedure.fraction, nthe portion of a powder sample that liesbetween two stated particle sizes. Synonymous with cut.hydrogen loss, nthe loss in weight of metal powder or ofa compact caused by heating a re

37、presentative sample for aspecified time and temperature in a purified hydrogenatmospherebroadly, a measure of the oxygen content of thesample when applied to materials containing only such oxidesas are reducible with hydrogen and no hydride-forming ele-ment.minus sieve, nthe portion of a powder samp

38、le whichpasses through a standard sieve of specified number. (See plussieve.)oversize powder, nparticles coarser than the maximumpermitted by a given particle size specification.particle size, nthe controlling lineal dimension of anindividual particle as determined by analysis with sieves orother su

39、itable means.particle size distribution, nthe percentage by weight, or bynumber, of each fraction into which a powder sample has beenclassified with respect to sieve number or microns. (Preferredusage: “particle size distribution by frequency.”)plus sieve, nthe portion of a powder sample retained on

40、 astandard sieve of specified number. (See minus sieve.)segregation, nthe separation of one or more constituentsof a powder, for example, by particle size or chemicalcomposition.sieve fraction, nthat portion of a powder sample thatpasses through a standard sieve of specified number and isretained by

41、 some finer sieve of specified number.specific surface, nthe surface area of one gram of powder,usually expressed in square centimetres.subsieve fraction, nthe portion of powder passing througha 45-m (no. 325) sieve.superfines, nthe portion of a powder composed of particlesthat are smaller than a sp

42、ecified size, currently less than 10 m.tap density, nthe apparent density of the powder in acontainer that has been tapped under specified conditions.3.1.9 Procedures to Evaluate Powder:screen analysis, nsee sieve analysis.sieve analysis, nparticle size distribution; usually ex-pressed as the weight

43、 percentage retained upon each of a seriesof standard sieves of decreasing size and the percentage passedby the sieve of finest size. Synonymous with screen analysis.sieve classification, nthe separation of powder into par-ticle size ranges by the use of a series of graded sieves.3.1.10 Equipment to

44、 Evaluate Powder:powder flow meter, nan instrument for measuring the rateof flow of a powder according to a specified procedure.3.2 FormingTerms associated with consolidation of metalpowders and mixes, including tooling, equipment, and charac-terization of sintered compacts.3.2.1 General:blank, na p

45、ressed, presintered, or fully sintered compact,usually in the unfinished condition, requiring cutting, machin-ing, or some other operation to give it its final shape.briquet, nsee pact, nan object produced by the compression ofmetal powder, generally while confined in a die, with orwithout the inclu

46、sion of nonmetallic constituents. Synonymouswith posite compact, na metal powder compact consistingof two or more adhering layers, rings, or other shapes ofdifferent metals or alloys with each material retaining itsoriginal pound compact, na metal powder compact consistingof mixed metals, the partic

47、les of which are joined by pressingor sintering or both, with each metal particle retaining substan-tially its original composition.greenunsintered (not sintered); for example, green com-pact, green density, green strength.2See Test Method B331.B243 09a3heating rate, nthe average temperature change

48、per unittime between prescribed temperatures during the heating phaseof a thermal process.preformingthe initial pressing of a metal powder to form acompact that is subjected to a subsequent pressing operationother than coining or sizing.Also, the preliminary shaping of arefractory metal compact afte

49、r presintering and before the finalsintering.pressed bar, na compact in the form of a bar; a greencompact.rolled compact, na compact made by passing metalpowder continuously through a rolling mill so as to formrelatively long sheets of pressed material.soft magnetic composite, na compacted PM product inwhich individual ferrous powder particles are separated by adielectric material.3.2.2 Processes for C