ASTM A370-2013 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products《钢制品机械测试的标准试验方法和定义》.pdf

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1、Designation: A370 13Standard Test Methods and Definitions forMechanical Testing of Steel Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods2cover procedures and defini

3、tionsfor the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and relatedalloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are usedto determine properties required in the product specifications.Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standardmethods of testing are to be followed to o

4、btain reproducibleand comparable results. In those cases in which the testingrequirements for certain products are unique or at variance withthese general procedures, the product specification testingrequirements shall control.1.2 The following mechanical tests are described:SectionsTension 6 to 14B

5、end 15Hardness 16Brinell 17Rockwell 18Portable 19Impact 20 to 29Keywords 301.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain productsare appended to these test methods as follows:AnnexBar Products A1.1Tubular Products Annex A2Fasteners Annex A3Round Wire Products Annex A4Significance of Notched-Bar I

6、mpact Testing Annex A5Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens toEquivalents for Flat SpecimensAnnex A6Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A7Rounding of Test Data Annex A8Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars Annex A9Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-Cycle Simulation Annex A101.4 The

7、 values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.5 When this document is referenced in a metric productspecification, the yield and tensile values may be determined ininch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. Theelongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths

8、 of 2 or 8in. may be reported in SI unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm,respectively, as applicable. Conversely, when this document isreferenced in an inch-pound product specification, the yieldand tensile values may be determined in SI units then con-verted into inch-pound units. The elongation dete

9、rmined in SIunit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm may be reported ininch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in., respectively, asapplicable.1.6 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 17025 when there maybe a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testinglaboratories.1.7 This standard does not purport

10、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A623 Sp

11、ecification for Tin Mill Products, General Require-mentsA623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re-quirements MetricA703/A703M Specification for Steel Castings, GeneralRequirements, for Pressure-Containing PartsA781/A781M Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy,Common Requirements, fo

12、r General Industrial UseA833 Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materi-als by Comparison Hardness TestersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terials1These test

13、 methods and definitions are under the jurisdiction of ASTMCommittee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing andProcessing Methods of Steel Products and Processes.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 201

14、3. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as A370 12a. DOI:10.1520/A0370-13.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-370 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww

15、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P

16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-tallic MaterialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test D

17、ata toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemsE110 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of MetallicMaterials by Portable Hardness TestersE190 Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility ofWeldsE290 Test Methods for Bend Tes

18、ting of Material for Ductil-ity2.2 ASME Document:4ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII,Division I, Part UG-82.3 ISO Standard:5ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. Significance and Use3.1 The primary use of these test methods is

19、testing todetermine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainlesssteel and related alloy products for the evaluation of confor-mance of such products to a material specification under thejurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 and its subcommittees asdesignated by a purchaser in a purchase order

20、or contract.3.1.1 These test methods may be and are used by otherASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for thepurpose of conformance testing.3.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, samplingfrequency, specimen location and orientation, reportingrequirements, and other test p

21、arameters are contained in thepertinent material specification or in a General RequirementSpecification for the particular product form.3.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of addi-tional test methods not described herein; in such cases, therequired test method is described in that mat

22、erial specificationor by reference to another appropriate test method standard.3.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used fortesting of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials forother purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testingby the purchaser or evaluation of compone

23、nts after serviceexposure.3.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from eitherspecification limits or expected as-manufactured properties canoccur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the originalas-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are notlimited to: subsequent service degra

24、dation from environmentalexposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclicservice stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, materialinhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of selectalloys, further processing not included in the specification,sampling limitations, and me

25、asuring equipment calibrationuncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects ofmechanical testing and variations in test results from prior testsare expected. An understanding of possible reasons for devia-tion from specified or expected test values should be applied ininterpretation of t

26、est results.4. General Precautions4.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending,forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, mayaffect the properties of the material under test. Therefore, theproduct specifications cover the stage of manufacture at whichmechanical testing is to be pe

27、rformed. The properties shown bytesting prior to fabrication may not necessarily be representa-tive of the product after it has been completely fabricated.4.2 Improperly machined specimens should be discardedand other specimens substituted.4.3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any te

28、stspecimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicableproduct specification shall govern.4.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasonssuch as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.5. Orientation of Test

29、Specimens5.1 The terms “longitudinal test” and “transverse test” areused only in material specifications for wrought products andare not applicable to castings. When such reference is made toa test coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply:5.1.1 Longitudinal Test, unless specifically

30、definedotherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen isparallel to the direction of the greatest extension of the steelduring rolling or forging. The stress applied to a longitudinaltension test specimen is in the direction of the greatestextension, and the axis of the fold of a long

31、itudinal bend testspecimen is at right angles to the direction of greatest extension(Fig. 1, Fig. 2a, and 2b).5.1.2 Transverse Test, unless specifically defined otherwise,signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is at rightangles to the direction of the greatest extension of the steeldurin

32、g rolling or forging. The stress applied to a transversetension test specimen is at right angles to the greatestextension, and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend testspecimen is parallel to the greatest extension (Fig. 1).5.2 The terms “radial test” and “tangential test” are used inmaterial s

33、pecifications for some wrought circular products andare not applicable to castings. When such reference is made toa test coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply:5.2.1 Radial Test, unless specifically defined otherwise,signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen-dicu

34、lar to the axis of the product and coincident with one of theradii of a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the productas a center (Fig. 2a).5.2.2 Tangential Test, unless specifically defined otherwise,signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen-dicular to a plane containing th

35、e axis of the product and tangent4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.A3

36、70 132to a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as acenter (Fig. 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d).TENSION TEST6. Description6.1 The tension test related to the mechanical testing of steelproducts subjects a machined or full-section specimen of thematerial under examination to a measured load suff

37、icient tocause rupture. The resulting properties sought are defined inTerminology E6.6.2 In general, the testing equipment and methods are givenin Test Methods E8/E8M. However, there are certain excep-tions to Test Methods E8/E8M practices in the testing of steel,and these are covered in these test

38、methods.7. Terminology7.1 For definitions of terms pertaining to tension testing,including tensile strength, yield point, yield strength,elongation, and reduction of area, reference should be made toTerminology E6.8. Testing Apparatus and Operations8.1 Loading SystemsThere are two general types of l

39、oad-ing systems, mechanical (screw power) and hydraulic. Thesediffer chiefly in the variability of the rate of load application.The older screw power machines are limited to a small numberof fixed free running crosshead speeds. Some modern screwpower machines, and all hydraulic machines permit stepl

40、essvariation throughout the range of speeds.8.2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained in goodoperating condition, used only in the proper loading range, andcalibrated periodically in accordance with the latest revision ofPractices E4.NOTE 1Many machines are equipped with stress-strain reco

41、rders forautographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted that somerecorders have a load measuring component entirely separate from theload indicator of the testing machine. Such recorders are calibratedseparately.8.3 LoadingIt is the function of the gripping or holdingdevice of the

42、testing machine to transmit the load from theheads of the machine to the specimen under test. The essentialrequirement is that the load shall be transmitted axially. Thisimplies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be inalignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimenat

43、the beginning and during the test and that bending ortwisting be held to a minimum. For specimens with a reducedsection, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the gripsection. In the case of certain sections tested in full size,nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall beperm

44、issible.8.4 Speed of TestingThe speed of testing shall not begreater than that at which load and strain readings can be madeaccurately. In production testing, speed of testing is commonlyexpressed: (1) in terms of free running crosshead speed (rate ofmovement of the crosshead of the testing machine

45、when notunder load), (2) in terms of rate of separation of the two headsof the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rate ofstressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of straining thespecimen. The following limitations on the speed of testing arerecommended as adequate for most steel prod

46、ucts:NOTE 2Tension tests using closed-loop machines (with feedbackcontrol of rate) should not be performed using load control, as this modeof testing will result in acceleration of the crosshead upon yielding andelevation of the measured yield strength.8.4.1 Any convenient speed of testing may be us

47、ed up toone half the specified yield point or yield strength. When thispoint is reached, the free-running rate of separation of thecrossheads shall be adjusted so as not to exceed116 in. per minper inch of reduced section, or the distance between the gripsfor test specimens not having reduced sectio

48、ns. This speedshall be maintained through the yield point or yield strength. Indetermining the tensile strength, the free-running rate ofseparation of the heads shall not exceed12 in. per min per inchof reduced section, or the distance between the grips for testspecimens not having reduced sections.

49、 In any event, theminimum speed of testing shall not be less than110 thespecified maximum rates for determining yield point or yieldstrength and tensile strength.8.4.2 It shall be permissible to set the speed of the testingmachine by adjusting the free running crosshead speed to theabove specified values, inasmuch as the rate of separation ofheads under load at these machine settings is less than thespecified values of free running crosshead speed.8.4.3 As an alternative, if the machine is equipped with adevice to indicate the rate of loading, the speed of the machinefrom