ASTM A367-1960(2005) Standard Test Methods of Chill Testing of Cast Iron《铸铁的激冷的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: A 367 60 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods ofChill Testing of Cast Iron1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 367; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe

2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods of chill testing apply to gray ironsthat are to be free of chill in the casting and to chilled irons thatare to have a s

3、pecific depth of chill in the casting. Two testmethods of determining the chilling tendencies of cast iron arecovered as follows. For many applications either test methodwill be satisfactory if test pieces of the proper dimensions areselected.1.1.1 Test Method A, Wedge TestThis test is generallybett

4、er adapted to the higher strength gray irons. The acceleratedcooling rate to induce the formation of a chill is brought aboutthrough the design of the test specimen. This test method issimpler than Test Method B since maintenance of chill blocksor plates is not necessary.1.1.2 Test Method B, Chill T

5、estThis test is better adaptedto the softer grades of gray iron and should be used if thecasting is to have a specified depth of chill. The chill in thistype of test is induced by casting one edge of the test specimenagainst a metal or graphite chilled plate or block.1.2 This standard does not purpo

6、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.TEST METHOD AWEDGE TEST2. Application2.1 Select

7、ion of a test specimen of appropriate dimensionswill allow measurement of chilling tendencies of all gray ironcompositions, with the exception of those having siliconcontents much over 2.50 % together with carbon contents over3.50 %.3. Test Specimens3.1 The patterns for the test specimens shall be m

8、ade ofmetal to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. With the exception ofthe length of the test specimen, dimensions shall not vary morethan 6132 in. (0.8 mm). The tolerance on the length of thespecimen shall be 618 in. (3.2 mm). The radius on the apex ofthe wedge should be formed by filing a132-in. flat

9、 on the sharpedge of the metal pattern and then carefully rounding the edgesformed by the132-in. flat and the sides of the wedge. If draft onthe pattern is desired, it may be obtained by varying dimensionH (Fig. 1) from one end of the specimen to the other. Thepattern should be mounted in a core box

10、 so that the final corecan be poured with the wedge in such a position that its lengthis vertical. There shall be 1-in. (25.4-mm) minimum sand at thebottom of the core.4. Procedure4.1 CoresMake the test in a core. The cores may be eithersingle cores or gang cores. If a gang core is used, the minimum

11、amount of sand between adjacent test specimens shall be notless than 212 3 B (Fig. 1). The sand cores shall be well bakedand may be either resin or oil bonded. The base sand shall beof such fineness that a smooth casting will be obtained. A sandwith an AFS fineness2of about 70 will be found satisfac

12、tory,although a sand with a fineness of 100 or finer may be used forthe smaller test specimens.4.2 Pouring PracticePour all samples at as consistent apouring temperature as possible since the amount of chill isclearly affected by the pouring temperature. Take precautionsto obtain a representative sa

13、mple of iron for the test specimen.Best results are obtained with a sample ladle lined with arefractory mixture that is free of graphite and chilled iron. Theladle should hold at least 5 lb (2.3 kg) of iron in order to avoidexcessive chilling of the iron before the test specimen can bepoured. Fillin

14、g the ladle once with iron just prior to obtainingthe sample for test is recommended.4.3 Cooling of Test SpecimenIf time is an important factorin control applications, the test specimen may be quenched inwater as soon as it is completely solid. The quenching must bedone carefully to avoid cracking o

15、f the chilled apex of thewedge. This may be accomplished by grasping the wedge withtongs at the apex of the wedge and immersing about14 to12 in.(6.4 to 12.7 mm) of the base of the wedge in water. The wedgemay then be gradually quenched but should be removed whilethere is still sufficient heat in the

16、 wedge to dry off the water. Ifspeed of testing is not important, the test specimen may beeither cooled in the core or in the air. If cooled to a very dullred before quenching in water, the demarcation between the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings an

17、d are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.21 on Testing.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallypublished 1953. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 367 60 (1999).2Foundry Sand Handbook, Am. Foundrymens Soc.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

18、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.chilled iron and the gray iron is somewhat clearer than if thetest specimen is quenched as soon as it is solid.5. Measurement of Chill5.1 Break the test specimen by striking with a hammer insuch a manner that the fracture is straig

19、ht and midway of itslength. The chilled iron at the apex of the wedge with a fewexceptions consists of two zones. That portion nearest the apexentirely free of any gray spots is designated as clear chill. Thatportion starting with the end of the clear chill and continuing tothe location where the la

20、st spot of cementite or white iron isvisible is designated as the mottled zone. The extent of themottled zone may vary from virtually nothing to an amountequal to and even greater than the amount of the clear chill. Ifthe wedge is measured at the junction of the gray fracture withthe first appearanc

21、e of chilled iron, the measurement shall bedesignated as total chill. In all cases, express the chill in132 in.(0.8 mm) as measured across the wedge at the locations justdescribed. The location of this measurement for a wedgehaving a narrow mottled zone is shown in Fig. 1. For structurecontrol purpo

22、ses, it is generally satisfactory to measure thewedge where the structure is approximately 50 % white ironand 50 % gray iron. This value will be found to be virtually thesame as the average of the measurement of the clear chillmeasurement, designate the size of the test specimen. A chillreported as

23、W3-12 would indicate that wedge W3 was used andthe width at the junction of the chilled and gray portions of thefraction was1232 in. (9.5 mm).TEST METHOD BCHILL TEST6. Application6.1 This test method is better adapted than Test Method A toirons having silicon contents of 2.50 % and over and carbonco

24、ntents of 3.50 % and over. It is also useful for controlpurposes in high-production foundries making irons somewhatlower in carbon and silicon than indicated above. This testmethod is also preferable for applications in which the castingis to have a specified depth of chill.7. Test Specimens7.1 The

25、patterns shall be made of metal and conform to thedimensions shown in Fig. 2. All dimensions shall be within6132 in. (0.8 mm) of those shown, with the exception of thelength which may vary 618 in. (3.2 mm). The test specimensshown are designed to be cast in the position shown. Thisdesign is the pref

26、erred one, although for high-production work,a gang core box and pattern may be used. In this case, a testspecimen with the chilled face in a vertical position may befound more convenient although it is not considered assatisfactory as the horizontally cast test specimen.8. Procedure8.1 CoresMake th

27、e test in a core. For general application,a single core is considered more satisfactory than a gang core.If a gang core is used, the amount of sand between testspecimens shall be 1 in. (25.4 mm) minimum or 212 3 A (Fig.2), whichever is greater. The remarks concerning cores in 4.1apply here also.8.2

28、Chill PlatesChill plates may be cast iron, steel,copper, or graphite. Machine the surface of the chill plate.When single test specimens are cast, the chill plate shall extendat least 1 in. beyond the test specimens in all directions andshall be at least 1-in. thick. For high-production work, asuffic

29、ient number of chill plates must be available to keep thetemperature of the plate below 500F (260C). A water-cooledsteel plate will be found more satisfactory for high-productionWedge No.Wedge DimensionsBHA, degLengthin. mm in. mm in. mmW 1 0.20 5.1 1.00 25.4 11.5 4 101.6W 2 0.40 10.2 1.25 31.8 18 4

30、 101.6W 3 0.75 19.1 1.50 38.1 28 4 101.6W312 1.00 25.4 1.75 44.4 32 5 127.0W 4 1.25 31.8 2.00 50.8 34.5 6 152.4FIG. 1 Dimensions for Test WedgesA 367 60 (2005)2work. A water-cooled plate having a reservoir is preferable toone having circulating water. In the latter case the plate maybecome too cold,

31、 resulting in condensation of moisture on theplate. The chill plate must be kept free of the fire cracks and allforeign matter as the depth of chill is markedly affected by thepresence of films of burned oil or other accumulations. Thebest practice is to clean off the plate with a wire brush as soon

32、as the core and test specimen are removed.8.3 Pouring PracticeRemarks on pouring practice in 4.2apply here. In addition, do not pour iron directly on the chillplate as the depth of chill may be affected or the test specimenmay burn on the chill plate. It may be desirable to place aweight on the core

33、 when pouring it as there may be a tendencyfor the core to lift as it is being poured. The opening in the coreshall be free of sand fins and shall set flat on the chill plate. Inthe event the core does not fit the chill plate, rub it until it does.8.4 Cooling of Test PieceThe remarks in 4.3 apply he

34、re. Ifrapid testing is desired, the chill test specimen may bequenched in water, starting with the edge farthest from thechilled edge.9. Measurement of Chill9.1 Break the test specimen in such a manner that thefracture is straight and follows the notch in the test specimen.The chill from the chilled

35、 face to the first appearance of a grayspot shall be designated as clear chill. The distance from thechilled face to the last appearance of a spot of white iron shallbe designated as total chill. That portion of the chill affectedzone between the clear chill and the total chill shall bedesignated as

36、 the mottled zone. As in Section 5, it will be foundsatisfactory for general structure and quality control purposesto measure chill from the chilled face to a location where thestructure is approximately 50 % white iron, which is roughlyhalf-way through the mottled zone. If the chill test is used fo

37、rthe control of iron for castings having a chilled surface forwear-resistant purposes, it would be desirable to measure andrecord clear chill. If the casting with a chilled surface is to havesome machining operation in the proximity of the chilledsurface, it may also be necessary to specify maximum

38、depth oftotal chill as well as depth of clear chill. In all cases, the depthof chill shall be expressed in132 in. (0.8 mm) and the size ofthe test specimen used shall be designated. For example, ameasurement recorded as 4C-12 indicates that test specimendesign 4C was used and the depth of chill was1

39、232 in. (9.5mm).Chill Test No.Recommended Dimensions, in.RecommendedChill DepthRange,123 in.ATABH LDdG1C3161418 114 2123412132 3to122C14516316 112 37812132 4to163C38716516 134 3127812116 6to244C12916716 24158116 8to325C3413161116 212 5158332 12 to 48AT/2 to 2T.Note 1Casting to be made in a dry sand

40、core.Note 2Allow34 in. of sand on all sides.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm in. mm132 0.838 9.5 1 25.4116 1.6716 12.1 114 31.8332 2.412 12.7 112 38.118 3.2916 14.3 134 44.4316 4.81116 17.5 2 50.814 6.434 19.0 212 63.5516 7.91316 20.6FIG. 2 Recommended Dimensions for Test Method B Chill Test Specimen

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44、 the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).A 367 60 (2005)4