ASTM A159-1983(2015) Standard Specification for Automotive Gray Iron Castings《汽车灰铸铁件的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: A159 83 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Specification forAutomotive Gray Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A159; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu

2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.This specification replaces Federal specification AA-I-653A.1.

3、Scope1.1 This specification applies to gray iron castings, cast insand molds, used in the products of the automobile, truck,tractor, and allied industries.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced

4、 Documents2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on thedate of material procurement form a part of this specification tothe extent referenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure ofGraphite in Iron CastingsE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of M

5、etallic Materials2.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage32.4 Federal Standard:Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)33. Grades3.1 The specified grades, hardness ranges, and metallurgicaldescription are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 and in Section 9.4. Order

6、ing Information4.1 Orders for materials under this specification shall in-clude the following information:4.1.1 ASTM designation,4.1.2 Grade designation of gray iron required (3.1),4.1.3 If special heat treatment is required (see Section 6),4.1.4 If special microstructure requirements are needed (se

7、eSection 7),4.1.5 Surface where hardness test is to be performed (see9.4),4.1.6 Depth and surface hardness of case required (see 9.6),4.1.7 Inspection lot and sampling plan required (see Section10),4.1.8 If additional requirements are needed (see 11.3), and4.1.9 Whether special packaging and marking

8、 is required(see Section 12).5. Hardness5.1 The foundry shall exercise the necessary controls andinspection techniques to ensure compliance with the specifiedhardness range, Brinell hardness shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Method E10, after sufficient material has beenremoved from the c

9、asting surface to ensure representativehardness readings. The 10-mm ball and 3000-kg load shall beused unless otherwise agreed upon. The area or areas on thecasting where hardness is to be checked shall be established byagreement between supplier and purchaser and shall be shownon the drawing.6. Hea

10、t Treatment6.1 Unless otherwise specified, castings of Grades G1800and G2500 may be annealed in order to meet the desiredhardness range.6.2 Appropriate heat treatment for removal of residualstresses, or to improve machinability or wear resistance may bespecified by agreement between supplier and pur

11、chaser.7. Microstructure7.1 The microstructure shall consist of flake graphite in amatrix of ferrite or pearlite or mixtures thereof.7.2 As graphite size and shape somewhat affect hardness-strength ratio and other properties, the type size and distribu-tion of the graphite flakes at a designated loc

12、ation on thecasting may be specified by agreement between supplier andpurchaser in accordance with Method A247.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.01 on Grey and WhiteIron Castings.Current edition ap

13、proved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A159 83 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/A0159-83R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST

14、MStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive

15、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17.3 Unless otherwise specified, the matrix microstructure ofcastings covered by this specification shall be substantially freeof primary cementite. Castings in Grades G1800 and G2500may have a matrix of ferrite or pearlite or both. Grade

16、s G3000,G3500, and G4000 shall be substantially pearlite in matrixstructure.8. Heavy-Duty Brake Drums and Clutch Plates8.1 These castings are considered as special cases and arecovered in Table 2.9. Alloy Gray Iron Automotive Camshafts9.1 These castings are considered as special cases.9.2 Grade Desi

17、gnationG4000d.9.3 ChemistryAlloy gray iron camshafts shall containalloys within the following range or as agreed upon betweensupplier and purchaser.Chromium 0.851.25 %Molybdenum 0.400.60 %Nickel as agreed9.4 Casting HardnessHB 241-321 determined on a bear-ing surface as agreed by supplier and purcha

18、ser.9.5 MicrostructureExtending 45 on both sides of thecenterline of the cam nose and to a minimum depth of18 in.(3.2 mm), the surface shall consist of primary carbides (ofacicular or cellular form or a mixture thereof) and graphite ina fine pearlitic matrix. The graphite shall be Type VII A and Edi

19、stribution, 4 to 7 flake size in accordance with Method A247.The amount of primary carbides and location at which thestructure is checked shall be a matter of agreement between thesupplier and the purchaser.9.6 Selective HardeningThe cam areas of camshaft cast-ing are usually selectively hardened by

20、 flame or inductionhardening by the supplier. The depth and surface hardness ofthe hardened case shall be as agreed upon between supplier andpurchaser.10. Quality Assurance Provisions10.1 Responsibility for InspectionUnless otherwise speci-fied in the contract or purchase order, the producer is resp

21、on-sible for the performance of all inspection and tests require-ments specified in this specification. Except as otherwisespecified in the contract or purchase order, the producer mayuse his own or any other suitable facilities for the performanceof the inspection and test requirements specified he

22、rein, unlessdisapproved by the purchaser. The purchaser shall have theright to perform any of the inspection and tests set for in thisspecification where such inspections are deemed necessary toassure that material conform to prescribed requirements.10.2 LotFor the purpose of inspection, lot and sam

23、plingplans shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and theproducer.11. General11.1 Castings furnished to this specification shall be repre-sentative of good foundry practice and shall conform todimensions and tolerances specified on the casting drawing.11.2 Minor imperfections usually not associa

24、ted with thestructural function may occur in castings. These are oftenrepairable but repairs shall be made only where allowed by thepurchaser and only by approved methods.11.3 Additional casting requirements may be agreed uponby purchaser and supplier. These should appear as productspecifications on

25、 the casting or part drawing.12. Preparation for Delivery12.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, castings shall be cleaned, preserved, and packaged inaccordance with suppliers standard commercial practice.12.2 Government ProcurementWhen specified for Gov-ernment procurement

26、, castings shall be marked for shipment inaccordance with MIL-STD-129 for military procurement andFed. Std. No. 123 for civil agency procurement.TABLE 1 Grades of Gray IronGrade Casting Hardness Range DescriptionG1800 HB 187 max4.4 BID min or as agreedAferritic-pearliticG2500 HB 170-2294.64.0 BID or

27、 as agreedApearlitic-ferriticG3000 HB 187-2414.43.9 BID or as agreedApearliticG3500 HB 207-2554.23.8 BID or as agreedApearliticG4000 HB 217-2694.13.7 BID or as agreedApearliticABrinell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimetres of the impressionof a 10 mm ball at 3000-kg load.A159 83 (

28、2015)2APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. GRAY IRONX1.1 DefinitionX1.1.1 gray irona cast iron in which the graphite ispresent as flakes instead of temper carbon nodules as inmalleable iron or small spherulites as in ductile iron.X1.2 Chemical CompositionX1.2.1 The ranges in composition generally e

29、mployed inproducing the various grades of most automotive gray ironcastings are shown in Table X1.1. The composition ranges forsuch special applications as heavy duty brake drums and clutchplates and camshafts are shown in Table X1.2 and Table X1.3,respectively. The contents of certain elements for

30、these appli-cations are critical in terms of service requirements and theranges are specified in the standard.X1.2.2 The specific composition range for a given grademay vary according to the prevailing or governing section ofthe castings being produced.X1.2.3 Alloying elements such as chromium, copp

31、er,nickel, tin, molybdenum, or other elements may be employedto meet the specified hardness or microstructural requirementsor to provide the properties needed for particular serviceconditions.X1.3 MicrostructureX1.3.1 The microstructure of the various grades of gray ironare generally a mixture of fl

32、ake graphite in a matrix of ferrite,pearlite, or tempered pearlite. The relative amounts of each ofthese constituents depends on the analysis of the iron, castingdesign, and foundry techniques as they affect solidification andsubsequent cooling rate and heat treatments if any.TABLE 2 Brake Drums and

33、 Clutch Plates for Special ServiceGrade Carbon min, %ACasting HardnessMicrostructureGraphiteMatrixG2500a 3.40 HB 170-2294.64.0 BID or as agreedType VII, size 24BA distributionlamellar pearliteferrite if present not to exceed 15%G3500b 3.40CHB 207-2554.23.8 BID or as agreedType VII, size 35BA distrib

34、utionlamellar pearliteferrite or carbide if present not to exceed 5%G3500c 3.50CHB 207-2554.23.8 BID or as agreedType VII, size 35BA distributionlamellar pearliteferrite or carbide, if present not to exceed 5%AThe chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made on chilled pencil-type specimens or f

35、rom thin wafers approximately132 in. (0.8 mm) thick cut from test coupons.Drillings are not reliable because of the probable loss of graphite.BSee Method A247.CGrades G 3500b and G 3500c normally require alloying to obtain the specified hardness at the high carbon levels specified.TABLE X1.1 Typical

36、 Base Compositions, %Grade Carbon Silicon Manganese Sulfur, max Phosphorus, max Approximate CarbonEquivalentG1800 3.403.70 2.302.80 0.500.80 0.15 0.25 4.254.5G2500 3.203.50 2.002.40 0.600.90 0.15 0.20 4.04.25G3000 3.103.40 1.902.30 0.600.90 0.15 0.15 3.94.15G3500 3.003.30 1.802.20 0.600.90 0.15 0.12

37、 3.73.9G4000 3.003.30 1.802.10 0.701.00 0.15 0.10 3.73.9(usually alloyed)TABLE X1.2 Usual Composition of Brake Drums and ClutchPlates for Special ServiceChemical Compo-sition, %GradeG2500aGradeG3500bGradeG3500cCarbon, total (mandatory) 3.40 min 3.40 min 3.50 minSilicon (as required) 1.602.10 1.301.8

38、0 1.301.80Manganese (as required) 0.600.90 0.600.90 0.600.90Sulfur, max 0.12 0.12 0.12Phosphorus, max 0.15 0.15 0.15Alloys as required as required as requiredTABLE X1.3 Usual Chemical Composition of Alloy Gray IronAutomotive CamshaftsGrade G4000d, %Total carbon 3.103.60Silicon 1.952.40Manganese 0.60

39、0.90Phosphorus 0.10 maxSulfur 0.15 maxChromium 0.851.25Molybdenum 0.400.60Nickel 0.200.45 optionalCopper residualA159 83 (2015)3X1.3.2 The distribution and size of graphite flakes like thematrix structure of gray iron depends greatly on the solidifi-cation rate and cooling rate of the casting. If a

40、section solidifiesvery rapidly an appreciable amount of carbide causing amottled fracture or chilled corners can be present. If a sectioncools slowly, as in a massive heavy-section casting, an appre-ciable amount of ferrite may be present. In like manner, lightsections will contain small graphite fl

41、akes while graphite willform in much larger flakes if the same iron is poured into aheavy casting.X1.3.3 For these reasons the strength and hardness of grayiron are greatly influenced by the rate of cooling during andafter solidification, the design and nature of the mold and thecasting, and by othe

42、r factors such as inoculation practice inaddition to the composition of the iron.X1.3.4 Alloying with nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tin,copper or other alloys usually promotes a more stable pearliticstructure and is often done to obtain increased hardness,strength, and wear resistance especially in

43、heavy sectionssubjected to severe service.X1.3.5 Alloying is sometimes used to obtain structurescontaining a controlled percentage of carbides as in camshaftor valve lifter castings.X1.3.6 Primary carbides or pearlite or both, can be decom-posed by appropriate heat treatment. Gray irons of suitablec

44、omposition and structure can be hardened by liquid quenchingor by flame or induction selective hardening.X1.4 Mechanical PropertiesX1.4.1 The mechanical properties listed in Table X1.4 canbe used for design purposes. However, the suitability of aparticular grade for an intended application is best d

45、eterminedby laboratory or service tests. Typical mechanical propertiesfor such specialized applications as heavy-duty brake drumsand clutch plates are shown in Table X1.5.X1.5 Application of Gray Iron in Automotive Castings(see Table X1.6)X1.5.1 The graphite flakes in gray iron give this metal manyd

46、esirable properties. These include excellent machinability,high thermal conductivity, vibration dampening properties, andresistance to wear or scuffing. Due to its low freezing tempera-ture for a ferrous alloy, high fluidity, and low shrinkageproperties it is more readily cast in complex shapes than

47、 otherferrous metals.X1.5.2 Gray iron castings of the lower-strength GradesG1800 and G2500 are characterized by excellentmachinability, high damping capacity, low modulus ofelasticity, and comparative ease of manufacture. When higherstrength is obtained by a reduction in the carbon or carbonequivale

48、nt, castings are more difficult to machine, have lowerdamping capacity, higher modulus of elasticity, and may bemore difficult to manufacture.TABLE X1.4 Mechanical Properties for Design PurposesGrade Hardness RangeATensile Strength, min, psi(kgf/mm2)Transverse Strength,min, lb (kg)BDeflection, min,

49、in.(mm)BG1800 HB 143-187 18 000 (14) 1720 (780) 0.14 (3.6)5.04.4 BIDG2500 HB 170-229 25 000 (17.5) 2000 (910) 0.17 (4.3)4.64.0 BIDG3000 HB 187-241 30 000 (21) 2200 (1000) 0.20 (5.1)4.43.9 BIDG3500 HB 207-255 35 000 (24.5) 2450 (1090) 0.24 (6.1)4.23.8 BIDG4000 HB 217-269 40 000 (28) 2600 (1180) 0.27 (6.9)4.13.7 BIDABrinell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimetres of the impression of a 10-mm ball at 3000-kg load.BSee Method A438 for information concerning the B transverse test bar and the transverse test