ASHRAE IJHVAC 18-1-2-2012 HVAC&R RESEARCH An International Journal of Heating Ventilating Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Research.pdf

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1、HVAC Ei(Engineering Information, Inc.) Compendex and EngineeringIndex; ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) Web Scienceand Research Alert; BSRIA (Building Services Research ACS (American Chemical Society) Chem-ical Abstracts Service and Scientific and Technical Informa-tion Network; CSA: Guide

2、 to Discovery CSA Materials Re-search Database with METADEX, CSA Engineering ResearchDatabase, and CSA High Technology Research Database withAerospace;IIR(InternationalInstituteofRefrigeration)Bulletinof the IIR and Fridoc; and Thomson Gale. Current contents arein ISI Engineering, Computing Online I

3、SSN: 1938-5587Institutional Subscribers: $283, 157, 226.Personal Subscribers: $182, 101, 146.Production and Advertising Office: Taylor (2) multi-stages, including pre-liminary assessment, conceptual design, detailed design, construction, commissioning, operation, reuse,and demolition; and (3) multi-

4、factors, including climate and site, form and massing, envelope structureand assemblies, internal configuration, environmental systems, energy and water, and material use. Fur-thermore, these processes have multi-performance objectives, including functional, aesthetical, social,economic, and environ

5、mental. An integrated and holistic systems thinking is necessary to develop newideas, methodologies, tools, and technologies that would improve and optimize these processes.Many questions remain to be answered in the study of multi-scale, multi-dimensional, and multi-objective BEESs. Some were discu

6、ssed at IAQVEC 2010 as listed in Part 1s Editorial. In the following, Ipose additional questions pertaining to systems coordination, integration, and optimization:1) How to properly evaluate and assess the performance of BEESs taking into account the multipleobjectives?2) How to characterize the mul

7、ti-scale dynamics of BEESs accounting for the interdependences betweensubsystems?3) How to develop and apply multi-objective optimization techniques for the design, construction, andoperation of BEESs?4) How to effectively and efficiently coordinate among different design teams with the assistance o

8、f BIMand simulation tools?5) How to incorporate occupants behavior and preference in achieving optimal operation of the BEESs?These are some of the most important and challenging research questions of our time in the field.Answers to these questions would greatly accelerate the process of sustainabi

9、lity development in thebuilding sector. Immediate past ASHRAE President (201011 society year) Lynn G. Bellenger gave anopening keynote speech on “Modeling a Sustainable World” at IAQVEC 2010. We were all saddened byher passing away on Wednesday, October 19, 2011. However, her words of wisdom and enc

10、ouragementwill continue to inspire us all:Our challenge is to approach every project with innovation, not repetition, and to challengeourselves to find the elegant solutions that will minimize energy use and provide exceptionalindoor environmental quality Today, this month, this year, Im calling on

11、you to be theheroes. To set the example in energy efficiency, in elegant, innovative solutions to meeting theDownloaded by Texerptfrom her 201011 presidential address, ASHRAE Journal, August 2010)Jianshun “Jensen” Zhang, PhDChairman, IAQVEC 2010Associate Editor, HVAC Karl et al. 2009). At the sameti

12、me as concerns about the environmental impactsof buildings and their associated energy use haveincreased, there has also been increasing concernReceived January 3, 2011; accepted May 11, 2011.Andrew K. Persily, PhD, Fellow ASHRAE, is Group Leader. Steven J. Emmerich, Member ASHRAE, is Mechanical Eng

13、ineerregarding indoor air pollution as a significant factorin human health (DHHS 2005; WHO 2010).The building community is challenged to reducethe environmental impacts of buildings, includingenergy consumption and associated greenhouse gasemissions, while maintaining indoor environmentsthat are con

14、ducive to occupant health and safety.This overarching goal is often referred to underbroader discussions of green or sustainable build-ings. A number of programs, standards, codes, andother efforts are in place or under developmentto promote, and in some cases require, the designand construction of

15、green or sustainable buildings(ASHRAE 2009b; USGBC 2009; GBI 2010; ICC2010). More recently, there has been a focus on net-zero energy buildings, which are intended to be soenergy efficient that the energy they do require canbe provided on an annual basis by on-site renewable4HVAC Girman and Brunner

16、2005).These documents note the importance of good IAQin achieving high-performance buildings as well asthe need to consider the IAQ impacts of buildingenergy-efficiency technologies.IAQ has long been known to directly affect oc-cupant health, comfort, and productivity (Samet1993). Well-established,

17、serious health impacts re-sulting from poor IAQ include Legionnaires dis-ease, lung cancer from radon exposure, and car-bon monoxide poisoning. More widespread healthimpacts include increased allergy and asthma fromexposure to indoor pollutants (particularly those as-sociated with building dampness

18、and mold), coldsand other infectious diseases that are transmittedthrough the air (ASHRAE 2009c), and “sick build-ing syndrome” symptoms due to elevated indoorpollutant levels as well as other indoor environ-mental conditions (ASHRAE 2009d). These morewidespreadimpactshavethepotentialtoaffectlargenu

19、mbers of building occupants and are associatedwith significant costs due to healthcare expenses,sick leave, and lost productivity. Fisk (2000) esti-mated that potential reductions in healthcare costs,reduced absenteeism, and improvements in workperformance from providing better IAQ in nonin-dustrial

20、 workplaces in the U.S. could be tens of bil-lions of dollars annually. Despite these significantimpacts, many building design and construction de-cisions are made without an understanding of thepotentially serious consequences of poor IAQ andwithout the benefit of the well-established body ofknowle

21、dge on how to provide good IAQ (ASHRAE2010a).The impacts of IAQ on occupant health andcomfort are ultimately determined by indoor con-taminant levels and thermal comfort parameters.However, the large number of indoor contaminants,variations in individual susceptibility to contami-nant exposures, and

22、 ultimately the lack of guidelineorregulatorylevelsforthevastmajorityofcontami-nantsmakeitimpossibletodefineIAQperformancein terms of just contaminant concentrations. Ther-mal comfort, on the other hand, is better understoodin terms of the parameters of interest and the rangesof these parameters tha

23、t correspond to comfortableconditions (ASHRAE 2010b). Additionally, thevarious aspects of the indoor environment (con-taminants, thermal, lighting, and sound) interact incomplex ways that are just beginning to be under-stood (ASHRAE 2011). Occupant questionnairesthat evaluate the acceptability of IA

24、Q and otherenvironmentalconditionswithinaspaceareanothermeans of assessing performance (Baird 2005), butthese tools have not yet been standardized, and theydo not address health impacts, particularly fromcontaminants that are not perceived at low concen-trations or for which the health outcomes occu

25、rlong after exposure. Given the inability to relatequantitative IAQ parameters to occupant health andcomfort, IAQ performance requirements are neces-sarily based on exercising good practice in buildingdesign, construction, operation, and maintenance,which is the approach taken in the IAQ guiderecent

26、ly published by ASHRAE (ASHRAE 2010a).Downloaded by T lowerventilation ratesLess outdoor air with same or better IAQNo methods of test or rating standards for gaseous air cleaningStandard 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure does not allowventilation reductionSource control and lower ventilation Less out

27、door air with same or better IAQSource characterization methods not matureInformation lacking on key contaminants and design valuesStandard 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure does not allowventilation reductionOHoward-Reed et al. 2008).WhiletherearenorequirementsforradoncontrolinStandard62.1(row9),most

28、oftheotherprogramsdo require some measures in high radon areas. Sim-ilarly, Standard 62.1 does not require a mat systemat building entrances to reduce the tracking in ofdirt by people traffic (row 10), while all but two ofthe other programs do. Most of the programs aresimilar to 62.1 in the area of

29、moisture control (row11) and envelope airtightness (row 12). In additionto reducing energy use associated with uncontrolledinfiltration, continuous air barriers also contributeto improved IAQ by reducing unfiltered outdoorair entry, helping to reduce moisture problems inbuildingenvelopesandsupportin

30、gbetterventilationDownloaded by T requiresmechventsystemdesignperVRPPerformanceoptioninIAQprocedureOArates=to62.1VRP;OAmonitoring requiredRefersto62.1fornatventMechanicalandnatventshallbeprovidedperIMC;dmechanical ventsystemsshallbecapableofreducingOAtominimumsinIMCor62.1(IMCratesbasedon62.1)Morestr

31、ingentof62.1orlocalcode;requiresOAmonitoring, CO2acceptable;pointsforrates30%above62.162.1natventrequirements, CO2monitoring required,pointsforengineered designRefersto62.1,IMC,UMCe,orlocalcodesorstandards;pointsforCO2sensingorventilationcontrolNatventsimilarto62.1MustmeetorexceedStandard622.Ambient

32、airqualityMustbeassessedanddocumented; MERV6inOAintakeifPM10 exceedsNAAQS;MERV11ifPM2.5 exceeds;40%filterifozoneveryhighReferences62.1,plusMERV13ifnoncompliant forPM2.5,40%filterifozoneexceedsNotaddressed(189.1 alternativecompliance path)Coveredbyreferenceto62.1NotaddressedCoveredbyreferenceto62.1(C

33、ontinuedonnextpage)11Downloaded by Texhaustof0.5cfm/ft2;7Panegativepressure;norecirctorestofbuildingNorecircfromspaceswithchemicalsorsmoking spacesExtrapointforexhaustingspaceswithhazardous compounds, atleast0.5cfm/ft2and5PanegativepressurePointsforphysicalisolationofspecialized spaces(e.g.,printing

34、, smoking,andprocesses) andseparateventilationthatmaintains5PapressuredifferenceCoveredbyreferenceto62.17.Environmen-taltobaccosmoke(ETS)ETSspacesmustbeseparatedthrough partitionsandpressure control; signage required;noventilationratesforETSspacesNosmokinginbuildingSmokingnotallowedinside,signageate

35、ntrances.Outdoorsmokingareasatleast25ftfromentrancesSmokingnotallowedinside, signageatentrances.Outdoorsmokingareasatleast25feetfrom entrancesCoveredunderspecialized spacesaboveCoveredbyreferenceto62.18.MaterialemissionsNotaddressed,butneedtoconsiderifusingIAQprocedureLimitsonemissionandVOCcontentba

36、sedonthird-partyprogramsLimitsonemissionandVOCcontentbasedonthird-partyprogramsExtrapointsforlowemissionsandVOCcontentbasedonthird-partyprogramsExtrapointsforlowemissionsandVOCcontentbasedonthird-partyprogramsLimitsonemissionandVOCcontentbasedonthird-partyprograms(Continuedonnextpage)13Downloaded by

37、 TnotesthatauthorityhavingjurisdictionmayhaverequirementsinhighradonareasRequiressoilgasretardingsysteminhighradonzonesDetailedrequirements inhighradonzonesNotaddressedPointsforassessingsiteandinstallingmitigationsystem,unlessnosystemisjustifiedNotaddressed,butotherEPAguidance exists10.Buildingentra

38、ncesNotaddressedEntrymatsystem requiredEntrymatsystemrequiredEntrymatsystem requiredNotaddressedSectiononentrancefloormats,butnoclear requirement11.MoisturecontrolLimitrainintake;RH=65%atdewpointdesignconditioninsystemwithmechanical cooling;netpositiveintakeduringcooling;drainpanfunction;coilcleanab

39、ility.ProtectconstructionmaterialsfrommoistureanddonotinstallmaterialswithbiologicalgrowthCoveredbyreferenceto62.ProtectconstructionmaterialsfrommoistureanddonotinstallmaterialswithbiologicalgrowthFoundationdrainage; requires controlplanthataddressesfacadeCoveredbyreferenceto62.1Pointsifenvelopeiswe

40、athertight(qualitative)andforvaporretarderRequirescontrol strategy,including materialsandinspections14Downloaded by T quantitativerequirements formaterials,assembly,orbuildingQualitativesealingrequirements; quantitativerequirements basedonwholebuildingpressuretestCoveredbyreferenceto62.1Quantitative

41、airtightnessrequirementsCoveredbyreferenceto62.113.ConstructionRequires(unspecified) measurestoreduce migrationofconstruction-generated contaminants tooccupiedareasIAQconstructionmanagement planrequired.HVACsystemsshallnotbeusedduringconstructionDuctsandventopeningsshallbesealedduringconstruction.Ve

42、ntilatethroughopeningsinthebuildingenvelopeorfansprovidingatleastthreeairchangesperhour.Ifsystemusedduring construction,returnfiltersshallbereplacedbeforeoccupancy.MERV8orhigherinsystemsusedduring constructionIAQConstructionManage- mentplanrequired,butonlyspeakstoflushoutorIAQmonitoring.MERV8orhighe

43、rinreturnsusedduring constructionPointsforfollowingSMACNAIAQGuidelinesforOccupied Buildings under ConstructionFollowSMACNAIAQGuidelinesforOccupied BuildingsunderConstruction.Sealreturnvents,provideexhaustvent,andisolatereturnsideofsystems;ifsystemmustoperate,providetemporaryfilters.Isolateworkareasf

44、romcleanoroccupiedspaces;providepressuredifferentialsand/orphysicalbarriers.Providetemporaryventilationofatleast1.5h1withMERV8filtration(Continuedonnextpage)15Downloaded by TalternativebasedoncontaminantmonitoringRequiredfor14days;norequiredifIAQtestingrevealsacceptableVOClevelsExtrapoint,specifies

45、totalamountofair;alternativebasedoncontaminant monitoringPointsforflushingwith100%OAfor14days(changefilterspriortooccupancy),orIAQtestingperprotocolusedinEPANorthCarolina buildingAfterconstruction,beforeoccupancyandinteriorfinishesinstalled,flush-outwith14,000ft3OAperft2offloorareawhilemaintainingin

46、doortemperatureofatleast60F(15.6C)andrelativehumiditynohigherthan60%.15.OOtableofsystemcomponentmaintenanceandfrequency;investigateandrectifymicrobialcontaminationandwaterintrusionRequiresplanforoperationthatincludes62.1requirementsplusOAintakeverification;biennialIAQmonitoringbycontaminant concentr

47、ation, occupant questionnaires,orhavingacomplaintresponseprogramOCoveredbyreferenceto62.1aOA=outdoorair.bVRP=ventilationrateprocedure.cNatvent=naturalventilation.dIMC=InternationalMechanicalCode.eUMC=UniformMechanicalCode.16Downloaded by T USGBC2008), but there are still many opportunities for im-pr

48、oving building performance.High-performance buildings should provide bet-ter IAQ conditions than exist in current buildings,and there are many strategies for doing so that willnot necessarily conflict with energy efficiency. Asmore experience and information is generated, thegoal of truly high-perfo

49、rmance, sustainable, andhealthybuildingswillbemorefullyrealizedinprac-tice.ReferencesASHRAE. 2005. ANSI/ASHRAE/ACC Standard 180-2008, stan-dard practice for inspection and maintenance of commer-cial building HVAC systems. Atlanta, GA: American Societyof Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers,Inc.ASHRAE.2007.Standard52.2,mMethodoftesting general ven-tilationair-cleaningdevicesforremovalefficiencybyparticlesize. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-ing, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE.2008.Guideline4-2008,preparationofoperatingandm