ACI SP-147-1994 Masonry in the Americas《美国的石工》.pdf

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1、 AC1 SP-147 94 m 0662949 0538548 TB1 J in the as c Daniel P. Abrams Editor AC1 SP-147 94 sl Obb2949 05185Y9 91B H J in the as Y Daniel P. Abrams Editor AC1 SP-147 94 Obb29Ll9 0518550 63T DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the

2、 AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is March 1, 1995. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be published in the July/August 1995 issue of either AC1 St

3、ructurai Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, o

4、r judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright O 1994 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station Detroit, M

5、ichigan 48219 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledg

6、e or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production Victoria Wieczorek Library of Congress catalog card number 94-78782 AC1 SP-147 94 H 0bb2949 0518551 576 = PREFACE The emergence of ma

7、sonry as a modern construction method has fol- lowed numerous parallel paths. Columbus is known to have introduced European masonry construction to the West Indies with the building of masonry churches. Native Americans were constructing monuments, temples and dwellings of masonry many centuries wel

8、l before this time. In fact, ancient cyclopean masonry - immense irregular blocks of stone laid together without mortar - which have been found throughout Europe, have also been found in Peru. These early American masonry structures along with the ancient Aztec, Inca, and Mayan temples, and the Anas

9、azi terraced cliff dwellings lend credence to the notion that masonry construction practices must have evolved independently throughout the Americas before trade routes or other lines of communication developed. As a result of this parallel evolution, variations in masonry construc- tion techniques

10、from country to country exist even today. Basic terminology used to describe masonry construction is different throughout American countries. An opportunity exists to correlate performance of various mason- ry construction methods so that more can be learned about the sensitivities, or commonalities

11、, inherent in the construction techniques that we all use. Masonry buildings are one of the most vulnerable types of structures to seismic excitation. Improvements in engineering and construction prac- tices are needed to improve the quality of life in all American countries. A potential exists for

12、learning about dynamic response of such structures by correlating engineering and architectural practices with observations of seismic damage for various forms of masonry construction found across the Americas. Design practices and building code specifications for earthquake- resistant design can be

13、 contrasted from country to country in an effort to standardize engineering methods. Such an exercise also benefits design pro- cedures for resistance to other lateral loadings such as strong winds or blasts. Four years ago, an effort was started within the ACI-ASCE 442 Com- mittee on Response of Co

14、ncrete Buildings to Lateral Forces to provide a forum where masonry engineering practices could be discussed. Because of the strong interest of committee members from Latin American countries, it was decided to compile a set of papers on various masonry related topics authored by engineers from vari

15、ous North, Central or South American countries. Selected topics included: (a) masonry construction practices; (b) . 111 masonry design practices; (c) masonry damage in past earthquakes; (d) eval- uation and retrofit techniques; and (e) masonry research. A sampling of American countries was chosen wh

16、ich included Canada, the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, and Chile. Authors from each country were asked to write a paper summarizing these topical areas. Papers were presented during a technical session at the Fall AC1 Convention in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in October of 1992. Sinc

17、e then, the effort has been known as the Masonry in the Americas project which was the title of the technical session and is the title of this publication. Following the technical session, each of the seven “country“ papers were sent out for review, revised and resubmitted for final Publication. The

18、se papers comprise the last seven papers of this publication. At a meeting of the authors at the convention in Puerto Rico, it was decided to compile five additional papers summarizing each of the topical areas. Selected individuals were solicited to prepare survey papers on materials, construction

19、practices, engineering design, and performance in past disasters across the American countries. Drafts of these papers were reviewed, revised and resubmitted for final publication. These “subject“ papers comprise the first five chapters of this publication. One long-range goal of this publication is

20、 to serve as a resource doc- ument for the future development of building codes for lateral-load design of masonry buildings, or guidelines for their structural evaluation and rehabilitation. As well, the publication should be of worth to researchers as a compendium of masonry research projects thro

21、ughout the Americas. In the spirit of the international cooperation that made this publica- tion possible, it is hoped that similar cooperative programs will continue in the future. This effort has already stimulated the First Pan American Masonry Symposium which was held in Bogota in October of 199

22、3. Con- tinued growth on this theme may encompass future symposiums, a Pan American code of masonry engineering practice, and a Pan American Masonry Society. Daniel P. Abrams, Editor Professor of Civil Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign iv AC1 SP-147 94 E 0662949 0518553 349 E AC

23、1 Committee 442 RESPONSE OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS TO LATERAL FORCES JOINT ACI-ASCE Daniel P. Abrams Chairman Finley A. Charney Arnaldo T. Derecho Sigmund A. Freeman Catherine W. French Luis E. Garcia Satyendra K. Ghosh Jacob S. Grossman Angel E. Herrera Eve E. Hinman Mohammad Iqbal Murat Saatcioglu Sec

24、retary Richard E. Klingner Ignacio Martin Christian Meyer Kenneth Napior Richard A. Parmelee Victor M. Pavon Arturo E. Schultz Shamim A. Sheikh Gene R. Stevens Sharon L. Wood V AC1 SP-147 94 O662949 0538554 285 = CONTENTS PREFACE I MASONRY MATERIALS by LE. Yamin and L.E. Garcia 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

25、 OF SYSTEMS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES by C. Casabbone 21 SEISMIC RESISTANCE AND DESIGN OF MASONRY STRUCTURES by 1. Bariola 57 PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY STRUCTURES DURING EXTREME LATERAL LOADING EVENTS by A.E. Schultz . . . 85 MASONRY RESEARCH IN THE AMERICAS by S.M. Alcocer and R.E. Klingner . 127 by

26、M. Bruneau . 171 by R.E. Klingner 205 ASSESSING THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN CANADA A REVIEW OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS: THE MEXICAN PRACTICE by R. Meli 239 STRUCTURAL MASONRY IN COSTA RICA by I. Bermudez 263 A R

27、EVIEW OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION IN COLOMBIA by L.E. Garcia and L.E. Yarnin . 283 vi AC1 SP-147 94 I 0662949 0518555 111 MASONRY IN PERU by H . Gallegos . 307 SEISMIC BEHAVIOR AND EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS IN CHILE by P.A. Hidalgo 333 SI (Metric) TABLES . 357 INDEX 359 AC1 SP-147

28、 94 U 0662949 05L8.556 058 SP 147-1 Masonry Materials by L.E. Yamin and L.E. Garcia Synopsis This chapter presents a summary of the materials more widely used for masonry construction in the different countnes in the Americas. An attempt has been made to establish groups of similar masonry units, in

29、cluding typical values for some of the more important mechanical properties. Typical particularities for some countries are mentioned. However. only masonry units for structural purposes are discussed. Mechanical properties, mix characteristics and particular details related to mortar and grout used

30、 in different countries are summarized. Grades and characteristics of reinforcement steel for masonry construction are presented A brief summary of mechanical properties of masonry assemblages for different countnes is included together with a review of the appropriate local standards. Finally, some

31、 of the accessoty materials for masonry construction are presented Keywords: Adobe; bricks; clays; concrete blocks; concrete bricks; construction practice; (Ilovt; masonry; materials; mechanical properties; mortars (materialJ m; reinforced masonry; sand- lime brick; tiles 1 AC1 SP-147 94 I 0662949 0

32、538557 T94 W 2 Yamin and Garcia L. E. Yamin is Head of the Civil Engineering Department at the Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia. He did undergraduate and graduate studies at the Universidad de los Andes where he obtained a B. Sc. and a M. Sc., both in Civil Engineering, and later a M. Sc. a

33、t Stanford University. He has taught and conducted research at the Universidad de los Andes in reinforced concrete, structural masonry and earthquake engineering. AC1 Fellow L. E. Garca, is Senior Partner and President of Proyectos y Diseos Ltda., a consulting structural design firm in Bogot, Colomb

34、ia. He has taught at the Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, since 1973. He obtained his B. Sc. in Civil Engineering from the same University and a M. Sc. also in Civil Engineering, at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He has been involved in teaching, research and design. Currently he is a

35、 member of AC1 committees 3 18, Building Code Requirements, 352, Monolithic WC Joints, 368, Earthquake Resistant Member/Systems, and 442, Response of WC Buildings to Lateral Loads. INTRODUCTION Masonry is one of the most widely used construction materials in the Americas, however because the develop

36、ment of its use followed different paths in each country, and even within the same country, the diversity of materials and construction techniques is broad when seen in a continental basis. Some of the matenals employed in masonry constniction are essentially the same in all the American countries a

37、nd are manufactured following similar standards, as is the case of Portland cement and reinforcing steel On the other hand, the masonry units and the type of aggregates for mortar and grout are different from country to country, even though the same names are used to describe them. The quality of wo

38、rkmanship varies enormously in the Americas and specially from urban to rural areas in the same country. These characteristics render masonry construction difficult to compare from country to country. This is specially true for the materials used in masonry construction. Materials used in masonry co

39、nstmction can be divided in four groups: masonry units, mortar, grout and reinforcement Masonry units can be grouped together depending on the material employed, their geometry and the distribution of cores, when used. Following this distribution and considering the production technique, general cha

40、racteristics and mechanical properties can be established. Mortar and grout also present a great variability depending on the aggregates employed, mix proportions and quality of workmanship. North American standards have had a great iniuence in the type of mix proportions employed and most countries

41、 descnbe their mortars in the same way This has improved the quality of mortars throughout the Amencas, although in some countries mortars made out of non typical materials are still used Reinforcement is available in different grades and characteristics, conforming to local standards, all of them v

42、ery similar to ASTM A615. In those countries that do not have local steel mills, imported steel is used, thus making the diversity of quality even broader, specially when Japanese or European steels are used. The employment of the same type of reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structures guar

43、antees its availability. The changes that are currently occurring throughout the Americas, concerning the release of trade barriers, will have a large impact in the unification of manufactunng standards for construction matenals, at least in neighboring countries AC1 SP-147 94 I Obb29Y9 0518558 720

44、= Masonry in the Americas 3 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF MASONRY UNITS USED FOR STRUCTURAL PURPOSES An attempt has been made to establish a common classification of masonry units with regard to materials, geometry and distribution of cores. Even though it is impossible to cover all types of uni

45、ts available in different countries, most of the units available can be classified in one of the following groups. Concrete block Solid concrete brick Clay block Clay tile Adobe units Clay bnck, solid or cored Sand-lime units, solid or cored Table 1 indicates in which countries and to what degree ea

46、ch of the types of units are used for structural purposes. Concrete Block It IS also called hollow load-bearing concrete masonry unit Concrete block IS typically made from low slump concrete and usually has the form shown in Figure 1.a. Manufacturing method vary from hand made artisan procedures io

47、fully industrialized plants with large production capacities. These units are generally used for reinforced, fully grouted bearing wails and shear walls, but can also be used in cavity walls, confined masonry and non-structural masonry The net area of the units reported is about 55% to 60% of their

48、gross cross-sectional area. Most units are provided with two modular cores Concrete masonry units usually comply with standard ASTM C90 (Hollow load bearing concrete masonry units) and are sampled and tested using standard ASTM C140 (Methods of sampling and testing concrete masonry units). Local sta

49、ndards are bascd on ASTM standards because this type of block is of North American origin Typical dimensions and compressive strengths reported for diffcrent countries are presented in Table 2 Solid Concrete Brick This type of unit is not as widely used in the Americas as thc concrete block. Only a few references to its use were found, specially in Mxico The manufacturing process, the quality and the general appearance are very similar to those of the concrete block just presented, except for the size of the unit. General dimensions reported are about 10 x 14 x 24 cm (4 x 5% x 10 in