API RP 945-2003 Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine Units (Third Edition)《避免环境因胺元素而分裂.第3版》.pdf

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1、Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine UnitsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 945THIRD EDITION, JUNE 2003REAFFIRMED, APRIL 2008Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine UnitsDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 945THIRD EDITION, JUNE 2003REAFFIRMED, APRIL 2008SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily

2、address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others expos

3、ed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufactu

4、rer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything

5、 contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reafrmed, or withdrawn at least everyve years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. T

6、his publication will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Downstream Segment telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications

7、and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questio

8、ns concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the standardization manager, American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Request

9、s for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obvi

10、ate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance

11、 with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may

12、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2003 Am

13、erican Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAPI publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this p

14、ublicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Director, Standar

15、dsDepartment, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005,standardsapi.org.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Referenced Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . . . 12.3 Other Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 Selected Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 Amine Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Problems in Amine Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND FABRICATION OF NEW EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、. . . . . 45.1 Construction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 INSPECTION AND REPAIR OF EXISTING EQUIPM

21、ENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 Inspection Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.3 Eq

22、uipment and Piping that Should be Inspected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.4 Examination Procedures and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.5 Repair of Damaged Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . 106.6 Postweld Heat Treatment of Undamaged or Repaired Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 10APPENDIX A CRACKING MECHANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13APPENDIX B CONSIDERATIONS FOR CORROSION CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19APPENDIX C REQUEST FOR N

24、EW INFORMATION CONCERNING PROB-LEMS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING IN AMINE UNITS. 23Figures1 Process Flow Diagram of a Representative Amine Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3A-1 Sulde Stress Cracking in an Existing Hardened Heat-Affected Zone of a Weld. 13A-2 Hydrogen Blisters near the I

25、D Surface of a Carbon Steel Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14A-3 Stepwise Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC) in a Carbon Steel Specimen . . . . 14A-4 Stress-Oriented Hydrogen-Induced Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14A-5 Alkaline Stress Corrosion Cracking in the Vicin

26、ity of a Weld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A-6 Alkaline Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Pipe Weld in MEA Service . . . . . . . . . . 16A-7 Alkaline Stress Corrosion Cracking in an Elbow in DEA Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 17A-8 Intergranular Alkaline Stress Corrosion Cracking in DEA Service. .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . 17v1Avoiding Environmental Cracking in Amine Units1 ScopeThis recommended practice discusses environmentalcracking problems of carbon steel equipment in amine units.Stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in amine units isbeyond the scope of this document although there ha

28、ve beenisolated reports of such problems. This practice does provideguidelines for carbon steel construction materials includingtheir fabrication, inspection, and repair to help assure safe andreliable operation. The steels referred to in this document aredened by the ASTM designation system, or are

29、 equivalentmaterials contained in other recognized codes or standards.Welded construction is considered the primary method of fab-ricating and joining amine unit equipment. See 3.1 and 3.2 forthe denitions of weld and weldment.This document is based on current engineering practicesand insights from

30、recent industry experience. Older amineunits may not conform exactly to the information containedin this recommended practice, but this does not imply thatsuch units are operating in an unsafe or unreliable manner. Notwo amine units are alike, and the need to modify a specicfacility depends on its o

31、perating, inspection, and maintenancehistory. Each user company is responsible for safe and reli-able unit operation.2 References2.1 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONSThe following publications are referenced by number inthis recommended practice.1. H. W. Schmidt et al., Stress Corrosion Cracking inAlkaline So

32、lutions, Corrosion,1951, Volume 7, No. 9, p.295. 2. G. L. Garwood, What to Do About Amine Stress Cor-rosion, Oil and Gas Journal,July 27, 1953, Volume 52,p. 334.3. P. G. Hughes, Stress Corrosion Cracking in an MEAUnit, Proceedings of the 1982 U.K. National CorrosionConference, Institute of Corrosion

33、 Science and Technol-ogy, Birmingham, England, 1982, p. 87. 4. H. I. McHenry et al., Failure Analysis of an AmineAbsorber Pressure Vessel, Materials Performance,1987.Volume 26, No. 8, p. 18.5. J. Gutzeit and J. M. Johnson, Stress Corrosion Crack-ing of Carbon Steel Welds in Amine Service, MaterialsP

34、erformance, 1986, Volume 25, No. 7, p. 18.6. J. P. Richert et al., Stress Corrosion Cracking of Car-bon Steel in Amine Systems, Materials Performance,1988, Volume 27, No. 1, p. 9.7. A. J. Bagdasanian et al., Stress Corrosion Cracking ofCarbon Steel in DEA and ADIP Solutions, MaterialsPerformance,199

35、1, Volume 30, No. 5, p. 63. 8. R. J. Horvath, Group Committee T-8 Minutes, Sec.5.10Amine Units, Fall Committee Week/93, September29, 1993. NACE International.9. R. N. Parkins and Z. A. Foroulis, The Stress Corro-sion Cracking of Mild Steel in MonoethanolamineSolutions (Paper 188), Corrosion/87,NACE

36、Interna-tional, Houston, 1987.10. H. U. Schutt, New Aspects of Stress CorrosionCracking in Monethanolamine Solutions (Paper 159),Corrosion/88,NACE International, Houston, 1988.11. M.S. Cayard, R.D. Kane, L. Kaley and M. Prager,Research Report on Characterization and Monitoring ofCracking in Wet H2S

37、Service, API Publication 939,Amer-ican Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., October 1994.12. T. G. Gooch, Hardness and Stress Corrosion Crack-ing of Ferritic Steel, Welding Institute Research Bulletin,1982, Volume 23, No. 8, p. 241.13. C. S. Carter and M. V. Hyatt, Review of Stress Corro-sion Crac

38、king in Low Alloy Steels with Yield StrengthsBelow 150 KSI, Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydro-gen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys,NACEInternational, Houston, 1977, p. 524.2.2 REFERENCED CODES AND STANDARDSThe following codes and standards are directly referenced(not numbered) in this recommended

39、 practice. All codes andstandards are subject to periodic revision, and the most recentrevision available should be used.APIAPI 510Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Mainte-nance Inspection, Rating, Repair, andAlterationAPI 570Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair,Alteration, and Rerating of In-S

40、ervice Pip-ing SystemsRP 572Inspection of Pressure VesselsRP 574Inspection Practices for Piping SystemComponentsRP 579Fitness-for-ServiceRP 580Risk-Based InspectionRP 582Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil,and Gas Industries Publ 2217AGuidelines for Work in Inert ConfinedSpaces in the Petroleum

41、 Industry2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE945NACE International1RP0472Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Ser-vice Environmental Cracking of CarbonSteel Weldments in Corrosive PetroleumRefining EnvironmentsNACE No. 2/ Near-White Metal Blast CleaningSSPC-SP 102.3 OTHER CODES AND STANDARDSThe following codes a

42、nd standards are not referenceddirectly in this recommended practice. Familiarity with theseis recommended because they provide additional informationpertaining to this recommended practice. All codes and stan-dards are subject to periodic revision, and the most recentrevision available should be us

43、ed.ASME2B31.3Process PipingBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Rules forConstruction of Pressure Vessels, and Sec-tion IX,Qualication Standard for Weldingand Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers,and Welding and Brazing OperatorsASTM3E 10Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardnessof Metallic

44、 MaterialsNACE InternationalMR0103Materials Resistant to Sulfide StressCracking in Corrosive Petroleum RefiningEnvironmentsTM0177Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resis-tance to Specific Forms of EnvironmentalCracking in H2S EnvironmentsTM0284Evaluation of Pipeline and Pressure Ves-sel Steels for Res

45、istance to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking2.4 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYThe following selected publications provide additionalinformation pertaining to this recommended practice. D. Ballard, How to Operate an Amine Plant, Hydrocar-bon Processing, 1966, Volume 45, No. 4, p. 137. E. M. Berlie et al., Preventing

46、MEA Degradation, Chem-ical Engineering Progress, 1965, Volume 61, No. 4, p. 82.K. F. Butwell, How to Maintain Effective MEA Solutions,Hydrocarbon Processing, 1982, Volume 61, No. 3, p. 108.J. C. Dingman et al., Minimize Corrosion in MEA Units,Hydrocarbon Processing, 1966, Volume 45, No. 9, p. 285.R.

47、 A. Feagan et al., Experience with Amine Units, Petro-leum Refiner, 1954, Volume 33, No. 6, p. 167.R. J. Hafsten et al., API Survey Shows Few Amine Corro-sion Problems, Petroleum Refiner, 1958, Volume 37, No. 11,p. 281.G. D. Hall, Design and Operating Tips for EthanolamineGas Scrubbing Systems, Chem

48、ical Engineering Progress,1983, Volume 62, No. 8, p. 71.A. L. Kohl and F. C. Riesenfeld, Gas Purification(4th ed.),Gulf Publishing, Houston, 1985.N. R Liebenmann, Amine Appearance Signals Condition ofSystem, Oil therefore, it is not recommended. It should be noted thatthe allowable variation in the

49、chemical composition of steelscan be considerable, even within the same grade. In conjunc-tion with welding variables, this can produce high hardnessesin heat-affected zones that might not be adequately softenedby normal PWHT. Each situation should be evaluated todetermine whether the proposed PWHT is adequate. Investigations have shown that inadequate heated bandwidth can result in residual stresses of up to 172 MPa (25 ksi)after heat treatment. The residual stresses are highest withlarge diameter piping, due to higher internal con