API PUBL 7103-1997 Management and Disposal Alternatives for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Wastes in Oil Production and Gas Plant Equipment《对石油生产和天然气厂设备出现的NORM废物的管.pdf
《API PUBL 7103-1997 Management and Disposal Alternatives for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Wastes in Oil Production and Gas Plant Equipment《对石油生产和天然气厂设备出现的NORM废物的管.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《API PUBL 7103-1997 Management and Disposal Alternatives for Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) Wastes in Oil Production and Gas Plant Equipment《对石油生产和天然气厂设备出现的NORM废物的管.pdf(74页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、American Petroleum 11 Ins titute Management and 3- 2 3.1.1 Landsmeading Disposal by landspreading involves minimal precautions, and simply consists of spreading sludges and scales on the surface of open lands in a prescribed area. A minimum thickness of onequarter inch (0.6 cm) is assumed to be the
2、smallest practical layer thickness that can be applied, and applications of layers up to eight inches (20 cm1 are considered. The area covered may become arbitrarily large for disposal of a given quantity of material. Analyses of landspreading are based on incremental increases of radium concentrati
3、ons above background levels, and thus are restricted to one-time disposal in a given area This suggests record-keeping to avoid repeated spreading in a given area, and possible radiation sweys to characterize pre- and post-spreading radiation levels. Subsequent uses of the affected land are not rest
4、ricted, permitting home construction, agricultural food production, or any other land uses. 3.13 Lanbreaing With Dilution Landspreading with dilution includes mixing of the applied wastes thoroughly within the top eight-inch (20 cm) layer of soil. Since the mixing would utilize agricultural equipmen
5、t of fixed tillage depth, the mixing is defined to extend to eight inches of waste plus soil. Thus maximum dilution would involve 1 inch of waste plus 7 inches of soil, and a maximum deposition may involve 7 inches of waste and 1 inch of soil, or in the equivalent to surface spreading, 8 inches of w
6、aste. The area covered may be arbitrarily large. Analyses of landspreading with dilution also are based on incremental increases of radium concentrations above background levels, and thus are restricted to one-time disposal in a given area. This again suggests record-keeping to avoid repeated use of
7、 a given area, and possible radiation surveys to characterize pre- and post-application radiation levels. Subsequent uses of the affected land are not restricted, permitting home construction, agricultural food production, or any other land uses. 3.13 Non-Retrieval of Surface Pive Surface pipe conta
8、ining scales and sludges may be buried at shallow depths. Upon retirement hm active service, the pipes may be cleaned of petroleum products but left in place for disposal. if left unretrieved, later land uses could involve home construction over the pipe, with possible perforation to expose its cont
9、ents to a crawl-space or basement area. Since surface pipes may be made from minerai fiber, perforation or cutting during construction may go unnoticed. The open pipe may extend for several hundred feet from the structure, and may permit air flow from other perforations through the pipe and into the
10、 structure. A pipe of 3-inches (7.6 an) inside diameter is considered to represent the surface pipe for this disposal alternative. Scale deposits in the pipe are assumed to be 2-1/2-inch (1.3 cm) thick, and to have a density of 3 g/cm3. The house was assumed to be at a negative pressure of 6 Pa rela
11、tive to the atmosphere. 3.1.4 Burial with Unrestricted Site Use Burial with unrestricted site use may occupy any available land area, and have a range of possible burial depths and waste thicknesses. The depth of burial is dehed as the thickness of earthen cover placed over the waste after buriai. T
12、he completed burial site has its cover level with the surrounding terrain, minimizing erosion potenad. Due to the visual similariS of many sludges and scales to natural earthen materials, it is assumed that inadvertent intrusion could occur at the burial site in the absence of permanent institutiona
13、l controls. An 8-foot depth corresponds to an inadvertent intrusion limit that ordinarily is not exceeded by common activities such as excavations for public utilities, house foundations, graves, etc. SubseqU=r; 1sd use for the burial site includes construction of a house with a basement over the wa
14、ste, intersecting the waste layer if it is located within the top 6 feet. For regions ia which homes can have basements, the top 6 feet of cover may not be considered in determining NORM concentration limits. 3- 4 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 7103-ENGL 1997 = O7322qO ObOL720 574 = 3.1.5 Disoosal at a Commerci
15、al Oil Field Waste Site Disposal at a commercial oil field waste site involves burial with other wastes that may not contain NORM, but would serve to dilute the solid NORM wastes. Since NORM wastes are about 7 percent of total oil industry wastes, it is assumed that dilution by a factor of fifteen o
16、ccurs, and that waste deposits exceed a thickness of 10 feet (305 cm). The completed waste site has an earthen cover that is level with surrounding terrain to minimize erosion. For estimating exposures from transporting wastes to the disposal site, a distance of 100 miles is assumed. 3.1.6 Disoosal
17、at a Licensed NORM Waste DisDosal Site The NORM waste disposal site is defined by the EPA regulations for disposal of uranium and thorium mill tailings and related byproduct materials.“) It is designed to be effective for loo0 years to the extent reasonably achievable, or in any event, for at least
18、200 years. It is designed to limit radon fluxes to the atmosphere to 20 pCilm*/s, averaged over the disposai area and over any one-year period. The impoundment usually is designed with an earthen cover for radon control and suitable liners and siting criteria to protect local groundwater from contam
19、inant leaching and migration. After closure, the site is deeded to the state for permanent monitoring and restricted future use. No intrusive activities or construction of occupiable structures on the site are permitted. For estimating exposures from transporting wastes to the disposal site, a dista
20、nce of 300 miles is assumed. 3.1.7 Disposai at a Licensed Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Site The low-level radioactive waste (UW) disposal site is debed and licensed under Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulationd3) with numemus protective featues and restrictions that ultimately restrict the
21、 feasible locations and numbers of such facilities. Presently there are only three LLW facilities in the United States (Hanford, WA; Beatty, W; and Bamwell, SC), although others are being considered by some states and interstate compacts. Due to the limited number of LLW sites, transportation of was
22、tes to the site also 3- 5 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 7103-ENGL 1997 = O732290 Ob01721 400 = must be considered. A haul distance of 900 miles is assumed. Future site uses are restricted from intrusion, and site features are sufficient to warn the inadvertent intruder of the presence of anomalous materials ev
23、en without institutional control. 3.1.8 Burial in Surface Mines Burial of NORM sludges and scales in surface mines involves placement at the bottom of mine excavations and subsequent burial by accumulated earthen overburden. Typical burial depths are 50 feet (15 m) or greater, and areas are sufficie
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