API MPMS 1-1994 Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 1 - Vocabulary (Second Edition)《石油计量标准手册.第1章-词汇》.pdf

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1、API MPMS*L 94 0732290 0534264 809 m Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter I-Vocabulary SECOND EDITION, JULY 1994 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C. 20005 11 - API flPMS*L 94 m 0732290 0534265 745 M Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter I-Vo

2、cabulary Measurement Coordination SECOND EDITION, JULY 1994 American Petroleum Institute API MPMS*l 94 m 0732290 0534266 681 SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SH

3、OULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU- FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LA

4、WS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDI- TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO

5、 BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS

6、 PATENT. 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE- TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEW CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AF- TER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERA

7、TIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THE PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W

8、., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1994 American Petroleum Institute API MPMS*L 94 m 0732290 05342b7 518 m FOREWORD The definitions included in this document are derived from standards published as of De- cember 31, 1992. New definitions or revised definitions as a result of standards developed

9、and published after this date will appear in the next edition. The definitions presented in this document support the petroleum industrys terminology requirements associated with the custody transfer, loss control, and environmental measure- ment activities addressed within APIs Manual of Petroleum

10、Measurement Standards. Some of the definitions will be specific to these applications and may conflict with usage of the terms in other contexts, while others may be applied more broadly. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure

11、the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this pub- lication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage re- sulting from its use or for the violation of

12、any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to Measurement Coordination, Industry Services Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Wash- ington, D.C. 20005. iii API MPMS*l 94 0732

13、290 0534268 454 1 . 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 CONTENTS Scope Vocabulary . Abbreviations . Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Table of Contents . Mathematical Signs and Symbols International System of Units (SI) . Interrelation of Units of Measurement . API Gravity at 60F to Relati

14、ve Density 60/60“F and to Density at 15C Temperature Conversions . Government Agencies, Standards Organizations, Professional Societies, and Trade Associations . Tables 1“API Gravity to Relative Density and to Density . Page 1 1 37 42 46 48 50 52 61 64 52 2-Temperature Conversions . 61 V Chapter 1 “

15、Vocabulary 1.0 Scope The words and terms contained in this vocabulary are defined and described to assist in understanding their use throughout the entire API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS). Additional sections have been included that are based on the definitions found in the vo- c

16、abulary. Useful facts and information not found elsewhere in the API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards are also included. 1 .I Vocabulary A Absolute temperature: (See temperature, absolute.) Absolute viscosity: (See viscosity, absolute.) Accessory equipment: Any device that enhances the util

17、ity of a measurement system, including readouts, registers, monitors, and liquid- or flow-conditioning equipment. Accuracy: The ability of a measuring instrument to indicate values closely approximating the true value of the quantity measured. Accuracy curve of a volume meter: A plot of meter factor

18、 or K factor or error as a function of flow rate used to evaluate the meters performance. Adjustment (of meter registration): The operation of bringing a measuring instrument (meter) into a satisfactory state of performance and accuracy. Air (gas) vapor eliminator (separator): A device used to separ

19、ate and remove gases (air, gas, or vapor) from a liquid to be measured to prevent an error in liquid measurement from having gas included in the measurement as liquid. Air-jacketed thermometer: A glass stem thermometer totally encased in a glass sheath that provides air space between the thermometer

20、 and the liquid in which the unit is immersed. All-levels sample: A sample obtained by submerging a stoppered beaker or bottle to a point as near as possible to the draw-off level, then opening the sampler and raising it at a rate such that it is approximately three-fourths full as it emerges from t

21、he liquid. An all-lev- els sample is not necessarily a representative sample because the tank volume may not be proportional to the depth and because the operator may not be able to raise the sampler at the variable rate required for proportional filling. The rate of filling is proportional to the s

22、quare root of the depth of immersion. Allowable: The amount of crude oil that can be taken from an oil field as set by regula- tion, having the effect of law. Ambient conditions: The conditions (pressure, temperature, humidity, etc.) of the medium surrounding an object such as the case of a meter, i

23、nstrument, transducer, etc. Amplifier: A device for increasing the magnitude of a quantity such as an electrical mea- surement signal. An amplifier use includes increasing a transmitted or received measure- ment signal for purposes that include operation of indicating, counting, recording, and contr

24、olling devices or other instrument that receives the transmitted signal; (also see pream- plifier). 1 API MPMS*L 94 H 0732290 0534270 002 H 2 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE Analog output: Transducer output that is a continuous function of the measurand. Analog signal: A signal that varies continuously

25、 in amplitude rather than in discrete steps. Anchor weight: A weight installed in a tank to which the guide wires or cables for an au- tomatic tank gauge float are attached to hold them taut and plumb. Angle-stem thermometer: A glass stem thermometer in which the tail is bent at an an- gle to the st

26、em so that the tail can be mounted in a horizontally disposed thermowell, leav- ing the scale vertical for greater ease of reading. API gravity: A term used by the petroleum industry to express the relative density of pe- troleum liquids (also see density, relative). API gravity is measured by a hyd

27、rometer instru- ment having a scale graduated in degrees API. The relationship between API gravity and relative density (formerly called specific gravity) is as follows: 141.5 Relative density 60/60“F API Gravity at 60F = - 131.5 See 1.7 for the relationship between API gravity, relative density 60/

28、60“E and density at 15C. Apparent compressibility: (See compressibility, apparent.) Argument, mathematic: The independent variable X for a function F(X) and also the values of the independent variable in a numerical table, such as for angles in a table of trigonometric functions or the numbers in a

29、table of logarithms; (also see function). Armored case (thermometer): A sturdy metal case in which a glass stem thermometer can be placed in order to minimize the risk of breakage of the thermometer in use. Atmosphere; abbreviated atm: A standard unit of pressure equivalent to a column of mercury 76

30、0 millimeters high at 0C under a gravitational acceleration of 980.665 centime- ter-gram-second (cgs) units. The pressure exerted by 101.325 kilopascals of 0C (32F) mercury (equivalent to 14.696 pounds per square inch absolute). Atmospheric pressure: (See pressure, atmospheric.) Automatic gauging ta

31、pe: The flexible measuring or connecting element that is used to measure the liquid level in tanks by the automatic gauge method. Automatic sampler: A device used to extract a representative sample from the liquid flowing in a pipe. The automatic sampler generally consists of a probe, a sample extra

32、ctor, an associated controller, a flow measuring device, and a sample receiver. Automatic sampling system: A system that consists of stream conditioning, an auto- matic sampler, and sample mixing and handling. Automatic tank gauge: An instrument that automatically measures and displays liquid levels

33、 or ullages in one or more tanks either continuously, periodically, or on demand. Automatic temperature compensator: A meter accessory device enabling a meter that is measuring volume at stream temperature to register the equivalent volume at a ref- erence or base temperature. Automatic vessel tank

34、gauging system: A system that automatically measures and displays liquid levels or ullage in one or more vessel tanks on a continuous, periodic, or on- demand basis. Auxiliary meter equipment: Equipment (such as a strainer, air separator, or flow con- ditioner) installed in conjunction with a meter

35、to protect or improve the performance of the meter. Auxiliary equipment does not include instrumentation and accessories driven by the meters output rotation or pulses. API MPMS*l 94 W 0732290 0534273 T49 W CHAPTER -VOAEIULARY 3 B Back pressure: The operating pressure level measured downstream from

36、a measuring device. Back pressure valve: (See valve, back pressure.) Ballast: Water taken on when a vessel is empty or partially loaded to increase draft so that the propeller is properly submerged and stability and trim are maintained. Barrel; abbreviated bbl: A unit of quantity for oil equal to 42

37、 U.S. gallons or 9702.0 cubic inches. Baseline: The fore and aft reference line at the upper surface of the flat plate keel at the centerline for flush shell plate vessels, or the thickness of the garboard strake above that level for vessels having lap seam shell plating. Basic sediment and water; a

38、bbreviated BS (see ten- der and delivery, meter). Battery or bank of meters: An installation of meters having two or more meters con- nected in parallel. Bellows: A pressure sensing element of cylindrical shape whose walls contain deep con- volutions that cause the length of the bellows to change wh

39、en pressure is applied. Bias: Any influence on a result that produces an incorrect approximation of the true value of the variable being measured. Bias is the result of a predictable systematic error. Bi-directional meter: A meter that can measure flow from either direction. Bilge radius: The radius

40、 of the rounded portion of the vessels shell that connects the bot- tom to the sides. Bill of lading; abbreviated BOL: A document by which a carrier acknowledges having received in good order and condition (or the reverse) certain specified goods consigned to him by some particular shipper and binds

41、 himself to deliver those goods in similar condi- tion, unless the perils of the sea, fire, or enemies prevent him, to the consignees of the ship- pers at the point of destination on their paying him the stipulated freight. Blind (blanking device): A circular metal disc that is installed in a pipeli

42、ne by fastening it between flanges to prevent flow in the pipeline. Boring sample: A sample of the material contained in a barrel, case, bag, or cake that is obtained from the chips created by boring holes into the material with a ship auger. Bottom guide wire anchor: A bar welded to the bottom of a

43、 tank to which guide wires or cables for the float of an automatic tank gauge are attached. Bottom sample: A spot sample collected from the material at the bottom of the tank, container, or line at its lowest point. In practice, the term has a variety of meanings. As a re- sult, it is recommended th

44、at the specific sampling location for example, 6 inches (15 cen- timeters) from the bottom should be specified when using this term. Bottom water sample: A spot sample of free water taken from beneath the petroleum contained in a ship or barge compartment or a storage tank. Bourdon tube: A pressure

45、sensing element consisting of a twisted or curved tube of non- circular cross section that tends to be straightened by the application of internal pressure. API MPMS*L 94 m 0732290 0534272 985 m 4 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE Breadth, extreme: The maximum breadth of the hull measured to the outside

46、surfaces of the side shell plating or to the outside of the guards, if fitted. Bubble point: When the pressure is lowered on a liquid held at a constant temperature, the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms is the bubble point. Bubble point pres- sures are higher at high temperatures. B

47、ulb: The temperature sensing (detecting) element of a temperature measuring device. Bulkhead: The vertical partition walls that subdivide the interior of a vessel into compart- ments or rooms. Calibration (of a container): The process or procedure of determining the exact volume capacity or partial

48、capacities of a standard capacity measure, a tank prover, or a pipe prover. Calibration (of an instrument): The process or procedure of adjusting an instrument, such as a meter, so that its indication or registration is in satisfactorily close agreement with a ref- erence standard. Meter proving dat

49、a may be used either to calibrate the meter or to calculate a meter factor. Calibration (of a prover): The procedure for determining the volume of a prover. Calibration adjuster (meter): (See meter calibration adjuster.) Calibration curve (meter): A curve or graph that expresses the relationship between the true values of the quantity measured and corresponding values indicated by the meter. Calibration table (tank): (See capacity table.) Calibration, tank: Bottom calibration of a tank is either: a. The determination of the tank volume below the strike plate, whic